APA 7th Referencing Style
Book
1. Book (one author)
Author(s) of book – family name and initials. (Year). Title of book - italicised. Publisher. DOI or Web address - if available
In-text Reference: (Swartz, 2019)
2. Book (two authors)
Author(s) of book – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year). Title of book - italicised. Publisher. DOI or Web address - if available
In-text Reference: (Whittingham & Coyne, 2019)
3. Book (three to twenty authors)
Author(s) of book – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year). Title of book - italicised. Publisher. DOI or Web address - if available
In-text Reference: (Sheldon et al., 2019)
4. Book (Twenty one or more authors)
Author(s) of book – family name and initials (for first 19 authors), . . . final author name and initial(s). Title of book – italicised. Publisher. DOI or Web address - if available
In-text Reference: (Harris et al., 2019)
5. Book (no author)
Title of book - italicised. (Year). Publisher. DOI or Web address - if available
In-text Reference: Management is defined as (CCH Macquarie Dictionary, 1993)
6. Book (auhtor identified as anonymous)
Anonymous - only if author is specifically named as “Anonymous”. (Year). Title of book - italicised. Publisher. DOI or Web address - if available
In-text Reference: (Anonymous, 1996)
7. Book (or ebook by an organization or institution/ group author)
Author(s) of book – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year). Title of book - italicised. Publisher. DOI or Web address - if available
In-text Reference: (Queensland Health, 2002)
8. eBook from databases eg. ProQuest, Ebsco
Author(s) of book – family name and initials. (Year). Title of book - italicised. Publisher. DOI or Web address - if stable
In-text Reference: (Khan et al., 2011)
9. Book (different editions)
Author(s) of book – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year). Title of book - italicised (Edition number ed.). Publisher. DOI or Web address - if available
In-text Reference: (Khan et al., 2011)
10. Book (Translation of a book or ebook)
Author(s) of book – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year). Title of book - italicised (Translator name - first initial. last name, Trans.; Edition - if available). Publisher. (Original work published Year). DOI or Web address - if available
In-text Reference: (Hoffmann & Bublitz, 2017)
11. Book (edited)
Editor(s) of book – family name and initials, use & for multiple editors. (Ed. or Eds.). (Year of publication). Title of book - italicised. Publisher.
In-text Reference: (Hoffmann, 2017)
12. Book (electronic version of a print book)
Author(s) of book – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year of publication). Title of book - italicised. [Provider of electronc version]. http: www.xxxxxx
Author(s) of book – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year of publication). Title of book - italicised. [Provider of electronic version]. doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxx
13. Book (electronic only)
Author(s) of book – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year of publication).Title of book - italicised. Retrieved from http: www.xxxxxx
In-text Reference: (Hoffmann, 2017)
14. Book (translation)
Author(s) of book – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year of publication). Title of book - italicised (Translator name - first initial. last name, Trans.). Publisher.
In-text Reference: (Ylinen, 2007/2008)
15. Book (Chapter in an edited book): Author(s) of chapter – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year). Title of chapter. In Editor(s) – initial(s) and family name - of book (Ed. OR Eds.), Title of book – italicised (pp. Page numbers). Publisher. DOI or Web address (if available)
Format for 2 editors - Initial(s) and family name & Initial(s) and family name: eg. A. B. Smith & C. Jones (Eds)
Format for 3 or more editors - Initial(s) and family name, Initial(s) and family name, & Initial and family name:
e.g. A. B. Smith, C. Jones, & D. E. McDonald (Eds)
16. Book (Mental Measurements Yearbook): Author(s) of section – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year of publication). Title of section. Title of database – italicised. DOI or Web address (if available)
In-text Reference: (Hoffmann, 2017)
Journal Article
1. Journal Article (Print article): Author(s) of journal article – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year). Title of journal article. Journal name – italicised, Volume – italicised(Issue or number), Page number(s).
In-text Reference: (Lowrie & Diezmann, 2009)
2. Journal Article (One author): Author(s) of journal article – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year). Title of journal article. Journal name – italicised, Volume – italicised(Issue or number), Page number(s). DOI address OR Web address (if no DOI available)
In-text Reference: (Lowrie, 2009)
3. Journal Article (Two authors): Author(s) of journal article – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year). Title of journal article. Journal name – italicised, Volume – italicised(Issue or number), Page number(s). DOI address OR Web address (if no DOI available)
In-text Reference: (Lowrie & Diezmann, 2009)
4. Journal Article (Three to twenty authors): Author(s) of journal article – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year). Title of journal article. Journal name – italicised, Volume – italicised(Issue or number), Page number(s). DOI address OR Web address (if no DOI available)
In-text Reference: (Lowrie et al., 2009)
5. Journal Article (21 authors or more): (Author(s) of journal article – family name and initials for first 19 . . . Last Author family name, initial(s). (Year). Title of journal article. Journal name – italicised, Volume – italicised(Issue or number), Page number(s). DOI address OR Web address (if available)
In-text Reference: (Lowrie et al., 2009)
6. Journal Article (No author): Title of article. (Year). Title of journal - italicised, Volume - italicised(Issue or number), Page number(s). DOI OR Web Address (if no DOI available)
In-text Reference: ("Vitamin K for Newborns", 2016)
7. Journal Article (Advance online publication): Author(s) of journal article – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year). Title of journal article. Journal name – italicised. Advance online publication. DOI address OR Web address (if no DOI available)
In-text Reference: (Allan, 2010)
8. Journal Article (Article in press): (Author(s) of journal article – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (in press). Title of journal article. Journal name – italicised. DOI address OR Web address (if no DOI available)
In-text Reference: (Baldwin & Keefer, in press)
9. Journal Article (Cochrane Systematic Review): Author(s) of article – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year). Title of article. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. DOI address
In-text Reference: (Shaw et al., 2005)
10. Journal Article (Article number instead of page numbers): Author(s) of journal article – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year). Title of journal article. Journal name – italicised, Volume - italicised(Issue number), Article article number. DOI address OR Web address (if no DOI available)
In-text Reference: (de Boer et al., 2014)
11. Journal Article (Article from academic database): Author(s) of journal article – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year). Title of journal article. Journal name – italicised, Volume – italicised(Issue or number), Page number(s).
In-text Reference: (Duffy, 2012)
Thesis
1. Thesis (from website): Author - last name, initial(s). (Year). Title of thesis – italicised [Doctoral dissertation or Master's thesis, Institution]. Archive name. http://www.xxxxxx
In-text Reference: (Duffy, 2012)
2. Thesis (from database): Author - last name, initials. (Year). Title of thesis – italicised (Publication No. - if available) [Doctoral dissertation or master's thesis, Institution]. Database Name.
In-text Reference: (Duffy, 2012)
Report
1. Report (Government report): Author(s) - last name, initial(s) or company name - use & for multiple authors. (Year). Title of report - italicised (Report number - if available). Publisher - include if different to author. Web address - if available
In-text Reference: (Duffy, 2012)
2. Report (Industry/corporate report): Author(s) - last name, initial(s) or company name - use & for multiple authors. (Year). Title of report - italicised (Report number - if available). Publisher - include if different to author. Web address - if available
In-text Reference: (Duffy, 2012)
Webpage
1. Webpage (Webpage within website - individual author): Author(s) of page – person or organisation, use & for multiple authors. (Year, Month Day - if available). Title of page - italicised. Website name. Web address
2. Webpage (Webpage within website - group author): Group author name. (Year, Month Day - if available). Title of page - italicised. Website name - if needed. Web address
3. Webpage (Webpage within website - no date): Group author name. (n.d.). Title of page - italicised. Website name - if needed. Web address
Brochure or Pamphlet
1. Brochure or Pamphlet (Online brochure or pamphlet): Author(s) - last name, initial(s) or company name - use & for multiple authors. (Year). Title of brochure or pamphlet [Brochure OR Pamphlet]. Web address
Conference
1. Conference (Conference paper): Author(s) of paper – last name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year, Month Date). Title of paper - italicised. [Type of paper eg. Paper presentation]. Conference Name, Location. DOI or Web address - if available
2. Conference (Poster presentation): Author(s) - last name, initial(s). (Year, Month, Date). Title - italicised [Poster presentation]. Conference Name, Location. DOI or Web address - if available
3. Conference (Cancelled conference paper): Author(s) of paper – last name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year, Month Date(s)). Title of paper - italicised. [Type of paper eg. Paper presentation]. Conference Name, Location. DOI or Web address - if available (Conference cancelled)
Dataset
1. Dataset (Individual author): Investigator(s). (Year). Title of dataset - italicised (Version - if needed) [Description of format or type]. Name of publisher - if available. DOI or Web address
2. Dataset (Group author): Group author name(s). (Year). Title of dataset - italicised (Version - if needed) [Description of format or type]. Name of publisher - if available. DOI or Web address
3. Dataset (Unpublished or raw dataset): Investigator(s). (Year). Title - italicised OR [Description of data - if untitled] [Unpublished raw data]. Data source - if available
Dictionary or encyclopaedia
1. Dictionary or encyclopaedia (print version): Author(s) or editor(s) of work – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors or editors. (Ed. or Eds. - if editor used). (Year). Title - italicised (Edition - if other than first). Publisher.
2. Dictionary or encyclopaedia (Individual author): Author(s) or editor(s) of work – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors or editors. (Year). Entry title. In Editors - initial(s). Initial(s). Last Name - use & for multiple editors (ed. or Eds), Title of dictionary or encyclopaedia - italicised (Edition ed.). Publisher. DOI or Web address - if available
3. Dictionary or encyclopaedia (Group author): Group author name. (Year or n.d.). Title of entry. In Title of dictionary or encyclopaedia - italicised. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from Web address
4. Dictionary or encyclopaedia (No author): Entry title. (Year). In Editors - initial(s). Last Name - use & for multiple editors, Title of dictionary or encyclopaedia - italicised (Edition - if other than first ed.). DOI or Web address - if available
Government Legislation
1. Government Legislation (Law): Short Title of the Act - italicised Year - italicised (Jurisdiction abbreviation) s. Subdivision number - if applicable. Web address
2. Government Legislation (Bill): Short Title of the Bill Year (Jurisdiction abbreviation) s. Subdivision number - if applicable. Web address
Long title should only be used if there is no short title.
3. Government Legislation (Parliamentary debates - Hansard): Jurisdiction. Parliamentary debates. Chamber. Day Month Year. Volume. Web address
Images
1. Images (From a website): Author(s) - Last name, initial - use & for multiple authors. (Year). Title - italicised. [Image description]. Site name. Web address
2. Images (Infographic): Author(s) - Last name, initial - use & for multiple authors. (Year). Title - italicised. [Infographic]. Site name. Web address
3. Images (Photographs): Creator(s) - Last name, initial - use & for multiple authors. (Year). Title - italicised. [Photograph]. Site name. Web address
4. Images (Stock image or clip art): Author(s) - use & to combine authors. (Year). Title - italicised [Clip art OR Stock image]. Site name. Web address
5. Images (Instagram photo): Author(s) - use & to combine authors [Instagram name]. (Year, Month Day). Title or content up to first 20 words - italicised [Photograph(s)]. Instagram. Web address
Interview
1. Interview (Interview recorded and available in an archive): Name of interviewee - last name, initial(s). (Year, Month Day). Title/ or description of interview - italicised [Interview]. Name of archive or place stored; Owner. Web address
In-text Reference: (Duffy, 2012)
2. Interview (Interview with participant(s), as part of your own research): Not included in reference list.
In-text Reference: Do not cite individually, because this could compromise confidentiality. Quote anonymously, for example, “Participant A said”.
Lecture notes and slides
1. Lecture notes and slides (Powerpoint, Blackboard): Author(s) - use & for multiple authors. (Year, Month Day). Title of slides or lecture topic – italicised [PowerPoint slides]. Site name. Web address
In-text reference: (Johnson, 2008)
2. Lecture notes and slides (Powerpoint - online): Name of author(s) or the institution responsible, use & for multiple authors. (Year). Title of slides – italicised [Type of format]. Site information eg. SlideShare. Web address
In-text reference: (Surden, 2017)
Legal Sources
1. Legal Sources (Cases - reported, organised by volume): Case name - italicised (Year). Volume Law Report Abbreviation Starting Page Number. Web address
In-text reference: (Nothdurft & Anor v QGC Pty Limited & Ors, 2017)
2. Legal Sources (Cases - reported, organised by year): Case name - italicised [Year] Volume Law Report Abbreviation Starting Page Number. Web address
In-text reference: (Nothdurft & Anor v QGC Pty Limited & Ors, 2017)
3. Legal Sources (Cases - reported, organised by year): Case name - italicised [Year] Volume Law Report Abbreviation Starting Page Number. Web address
In-text reference: (Nothdurft & Anor v QGC Pty Limited & Ors, 2017)
Musics
1. Music (Song): Singer or composer - last name, initial(s). (Year). Song Title [Song]. On Album Title - italicised. Record Company. (Original work published Year - if needed). Web address - if neede
In-text reference: (Simon & Garfunkel, 1965)
2. Music (Album): Singer or group name. (Year). Title of album - italicised [Album]. Record Company. (Original work published Year - if needed). Web address - if needed
In-text reference: (U2, 1988)
Newspaper and Magazine Article
Newspaper Article: Author(s) of article – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Newspaper title – italicised, Page number(s) - if available. Web or DOI address - if available
In-text reference: (Lytton, 2020)
Newspaper Article (no author): Title of article. (Year, Month Day). Newspaper title – italicised, Page number(s) - if available. Web or DOI address - if available
In-text reference: ("Meeting the needs", 2001)
Online news websites: Author(s) of article – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year, Month Day - if available). Title of article - italicised. Name of news website. Web address
In-text reference: (McGhee & Burt, 2019)
Magazine Article: Author(s) - last name, initial(s). (Year, Month Day - if available). Article title. Magazine name - italicised, volume - italicised(Issue - if available), Page(s) - if available. DOI or Web address - if available
In-text reference: (Flora, 2017)
Other Web Sources
Podcast: Author - last name, initial(s) (Role eg. Host). (Year - Year). Title - italicised, [Type Podcast]. Publisher. Web address - if available
In-text reference: (Malcolm, 2002-present)
Podcast episode: Author - last name, initial(s) (Role eg. Host). (Year, Month Day). Episode Title (No. Episode Number - if available) [Type podcast episode]. In Series Title - italicised. Publisher. Web address - if available
In-text reference: (Malcolm, 2019)
Email: Not included in reference list
In-text reference: K. P. Miles (personal communication, August 6, 2018)
Blog post: Author - last name, initial(s). (Year, Month Day). Title of post. Blog name - italicised. Web address
In-text reference: (Conason, 2018)
Comment on a post or article: Author - last name, initial(s). (Year, Month Day). Title of post comment or up to first 20 words [Comment on the article "Article or post title"]. Blog title - italicised. Web address
In-text reference: (Hordofa, 2019)
YouTube video - real name of person posting known: Author - last name, initial(s) or group name [Username - if available]. (Year, Month Day). Title of video - italicised [Video]. YouTube - or similar site name. Web address
In-text reference: (O'Brien, 2017)
YouTube video - screen name only: Username - exactly as posted. (year, month day). Title of video [Video]. Site name (eg. YouTube). Web Address
In-text reference: (ssiconamed, 2013)
Wikipedia: Title of entry. (Year, Month Date or n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved Month Date, Year - if needed, Web address
In-text reference: ("Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy", 2019)
Patents and Standards
Patents: Patent inventor last name, initials. (Year patent issued). Patent title - italicised (Country Patent No.). Name of official source of patent information - usually patent office. Web address - if available
In-text reference: (Graboski, 2016)
Standards: Name of standards organisation. (Year). Title of standard - italicised (Standard number). Publisher (print) or Web address - if available
In-text reference: (Standards Australia, 2016)
Personal communication
Personal communication: Person - initial(s). last name (personal communication, Month Day, Year)
In-text reference: J. T. Lewis (personal communication, May 14, 2018)
Press (media) Release
Press (media) release (online): Author - last name, initial(s) or corporate name. (Year, Month Day). Title - in italics [Press release]. Web address
In-text reference: (Office of Fair Trading, 2018)
Social Medea
Post on Facebook or similar e.g. Tumblr: Author of post - last name, initial(s). (Year, Month Day). Content or caption of the post - up to the first 20 words - italicised [Image attached - if needed] [Content form eg. Video, Status update, Infographic]. Social media service eg. Facebook. Web address - short web address can be used
In-text reference: (University of Queensland, 2017)
X post (tweet): Author of post - last name, initial(s) [Twitter Name]. (Year, Month Day). Content or caption of the post – up to the first 20 words - italicised [image attached - if needed] [Tweet]. Twitter. Web address
In-text reference: (University of Queensland Library, 2017)
Instagram photograph: Author(s) - use & to combine authors [Instagram name]. (Year, Month Day). Title or content up to first 20 words - italicised [Photograph(s)]. Instagram. Web address
In-text reference: (The University of Queensland Library, 2019)
Facebook page: Author – last name, initials OR group name. (Year). Title of page - italicised (eg. Home, Photos) [Facebook page]. Facebook. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from Web address
In-text reference: (The University of Queensland Library, n.d.)
Software and Mobile App
Software: Author(s) last name, initial(s) or group author(s). (Year). Title of software - italicised (Version ver. number) [Computer software]. Publisher. Web address
In-text reference: (Psychology Software Tools, 2021)
Mobile apps: Author(s) last name, initial(s) or group author(s). (Year). Title of software - italicised (Version ver. number) [Mobile app]. Apple Store OR Google Play. Web address
In-text reference: (Psycnet Software, 2020)
Television Program
Television series: Executive Producer(s) (Executive Producer(s)). (Years - it aired, use present if still airing). Title - italicised [TV series]. Production Compan(ies); Broadcaster Name.
In-text reference: (Benioff et al., 2009-2011)
Episode from television series or webisode: Episode writer's name - last name, initial(s) (Writer), & Director name - last name, initial(s). (Director). (Year, Month Day). Title of television series episode (Season ..., Episode ...) [Television series episode]. In Executive producer - inital(s), last name (Executive producer(s)), Television series name - italicised. Production Companies - use ; to separate multiples.
In-text reference: (Writer's last name & Director's last name, Year)
Video
Film or movie: Director(s) - or similar eg. Executive Producer, use & for multiple names (Director - or similar descriptor eg. Producer). (Year). Title of film or movie - italicised [Film; list details of format eg. two disc special edition - if needed]. Production Company. Web address - if available
In-text reference: (Wilder, 1959)
YouTube video: Author - last name, initial(s) or group name [Username - if available]. (Year, Month Day). Title of video - italicised [Video]. YouTube - or similar site name. Web address
In-text reference: (O'Brien, 2017)
Instagram video: Author(s) - use & to combine authors [Instagram name]. (Year, Month Day). Title or content up to first 20 words - italicised [Video]. Instagram. Web address
In-text reference: (The University of Queensland Library, 2019)
Works in Non-English Language
Journal article: Author(s) - last name, initials. (Year). Article title in original language [English translation of article title]. Journal name - italicised, volume - italicised(Issue - if available. Not italicised), Page(s). DOI or Web address - if available
In-text reference: (Guimard & Florin, 2007)
Book: Author - last name, initial(s), & last name, initial(s). (Year). Title - italicised [English translation of title]. Publisher. DOI or Web address - if available
In-text reference: (Mangelsdorf, 2020)