ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Fragile States: the Birthplace of Non-State Armed Groups in West Asia
Due to both internal and external factors, Western Asia has long been suffering from security tribulations and political instability. The institution of various military and militia groups in the region in the absence of powerful central governments is the leading cause of most crises in Western Asia. The development of such security and military interactions outside the sovereignty framework paves the way for foreign interventions, making the region unstable and insecure. Working at times as proxy agents, these groups take action in the absence of a powerful stable central government in short term, and set the ground for sustained unrest, dispersion and the development of irresponsible armed groups in long term. These groups proliferate when the central governments lack the necessary persuasive power or lose the ability to manage crises and to exercise exclusive power for reasons such as lack of effective military power, disagreement over the quality of interaction with opposition groups, losing the monopoly of military power, intervention of regional or transboundary powers, high financial and organizing abilities of the militia, etc. This article is based on the hypothesis that the development and continuous growth of non-state armed groups stems from various internal and external reasons, causing security crisis in the concerned countries. The most crucial way to end these crises is empowering the central government through national cohesiveness, consensus, and the exclusive practice of hard power based on the law.
https://wsps.ut.ac.ir/article_75035_5dd163299b541358db4ce61b9d56d25b.pdf
2019-04-01
233
270
10.22059/wsps.2020.282368.1107
fragile state
Military Power
non-state armed groups
unstable security
Western Asia
Javad
Sharbaf
sharbaf@ut.ac.ir
1
Assistant Professor of West Asian Studies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
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39
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
'The Cup of Kindness’? Dominant Social Norms and Muslims’ Social Integration in Scotland
Since the 9/11 bombings in New York, and the 7/7 bombings in London, Muslims’ integration in the UK has been under intense scrutiny. Muslim integration, however, has long been a matter of debate in Britain, revolving around the maintenance of Muslims’ distinctive identity and practice. For instance, David Cameron (Cameron, 2011), Britain’s then Prime Minister, announced at the Munich Security Conference that “state multiculturalism” has encouraged “different cultures to live separate lives, apart from each other and apart from the mainstream”. In criticizing multiculturalism, most critics mainly refer to Muslims as being less integrated into wider society than people from other minority groups, and Muslims are shown to be disloyal. The complexity of Muslims’ integration and its dependency on different social, structural and cultural factors are, however, mostly less studied. This paper is designed to understand the social and cultural barriers to Muslim integration. In doing so, it aims to explore Muslims’ integrational strategies to deal with these barriers. Findings of this paper draw on research that involved 43 semi-structured interviews with Muslims across Scotland’s major cities and small towns.
https://wsps.ut.ac.ir/article_73478_45ee58467060c826d738e52e4467367e.pdf
2019-04-01
271
304
10.22059/wsps.2019.275121.1089
Integration
Islamophobia
Muslims
Religion
Scotland
Reza
Bagheri
rezabagheri82@ut.ac.ir
1
Assistant Professor of Southern African Studies, University of Tehran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ager, A. and Strang, A. (2004). Indicators of Integration: Final Report, London: Home Office, Development and Practice Report 28. Retrieved Oct. 21, 2018 from: https://webarchive.nationalarchives. gov.uk/20110218141321/http://rds.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs04/dpr28.pdf.
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40
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41
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42
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47
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49
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53
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56
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Institutional Analysis of Corruption Configurations in South-West Asian Countries: A Fuzzy-Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA)
Considering corruption as one of the chronic harms of the administrative system, and the social factor affecting economic growth, the present study sought to explain, for the first time, the differences in the perceived levels of corruption among 16 Southwest Asian countries, relying on the sociological “new institutionalism” theory in analyzing organizations, describing causal mechanisms and their mutual impact, and creating corruptive contexts. The fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Method (fsQCA) and the secondary data were used to find the causal configurations leading to corruption in these cases. The experimental judgment led to two causal configurations showing that some institutional requirements of the institutional environment, in contrast to the requirements of the technical environment, exacerbated the gap between formal and informal structures. Conflicts lead to the formation of informal norms and networks that, over time, provide shared mental patterns for actors in executing current actions and confronting ambiguity and uncertainty; and on the basis of contextual rationality, they are interpreted as an appropriate way of acting. This reduces the costs of corruption and increases the opportunity for abuse by diminishing supervision and control and strengthening informal networks.
https://wsps.ut.ac.ir/article_74962_200dc99b41fb95050aafd6dfbeba4359.pdf
2019-04-01
305
343
10.22059/wsps.2020.288546.1117
Causal Configurations
corruption
Fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis
Institutionalism
Southwest Asia
Masoueh
Mahmoudian
m.mahmoudian.88@gmail.com
1
PhD in Sociology, University of Mazandaran, Mazandaran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Aliasghar
Firozjayan
firozjayan@gmail.com
2
Associate Professor of Social Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Mazandaran, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammadreza
Taleban
qtaleban@yahoo.com
3
Associate Professor of Sociology, Institute of Imam Khomeini and Islamic Revolution, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Blason, A. and Peyton, K. (2011). Measuring the Impact of Development on Corruption Perception: A Comparative Study of Development and Developing Countries. School of Social and Political Science. University of Sidney. NSW Australia. Retrieved from: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/%22Measuring-the-Impact-of-Development-on-Corruption-Belasen-Peyton/13cd75cb6aa18 fb865593588ba695565024c6c39 Bertelsmann Stiftung. (2016). Rule of Law. Retrieved from: https://atlas.bti-project.org/ share. php?1*2018*GV:SIX:0*CAT*ANA:REGION
1
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Di Maggio, P. and Powell, W. (1983). The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organization Fields. American Sociological Review, 48(2), pp. 141-160.
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Evans, P. and Rauch, J. E. (1999). Bureaucracy and Growth: A Cross-National Analysis of the Effects of "Weberian" State Structures on Economic Growth. American Sociological Review, 64(5), pp. 748-765.
4
Fiss, P. (2011). Building Better Causal Theories: A Fuzzy Set Approach to Typologies in Organization Research. Academy of Management Journal, 54(2), pp. 393-420. Retrieved from: https://journals. aom.org/doi/abs/10.5465/amj.2011.60263120?journalCode=amj
5
Fiss, P. (2008). Configuration on Figurations of Strategy, Structure, and Environment: A Fuzzy Set Analysis of High Technology Firms (Working Paper Version 2008-04-21). Marshall School of Business University of Southern California. Retrieved from: http://web.mit. edu/bpsmini/2008/Peer-C-Fiss.pdf
6
Goel, R. K. and Nelson, M. A. (2010). Cause of Corruption: History, Geography, and Government. Journal of Policy Modeling, 32(4), pp. 433-447. Retrieved from: https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/ S0161893810000347?token=710812D09934DE3A7AFBC7A45E55D1CDB6A81B15304D7E60EFF9A50D83E26E53485A8B45E028723C495C75E9BF4F625B
7
Gochipata, A. and Reddy, Y. R. (2013). Institutional Arrangement to Combating Corruption: A Comparative study India’s(C.B.I) and Hong Kong’s (I.C.A.C). NALSAR law Review, 17(1), pp. 46-69.
8
Schwab, K. (2013). Insight Report: The Global Competitiveness Report (2013-2014). Geneva: World Economic Forum. Retrieved from: http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2013-14.pdf
9
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10
Lodha, S. (2007). Fighting Corruption: A Comparative Study of Civil Society Initiatives for Securing of Information in Nigeria and India. Madhya Pradesh Journal of Social Science, 12(2), pp. 1-22.
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Montinola, G. and Jackman, R. (2002). Sources of Corruption: A Cross-Country Study. British Journal of Political Science, 32(1), pp. 147-170
12
Mashali, B. (2012). Analysis the Relationship between Perceived Grand Corruption and Petty Corruption in Developing Countries: Case Study of Iran. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 74(4), pp. 775-787.
13
Maeda, K. and Ziegfeld, A. (2015). Socioeconomic Status and Corruption Perception around the World. Research Politics, 2 (2), pp. 1-9 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2053168015580838
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Ragin, C. (2000). Fuzzy-Set Social Science. London: University of Chicago Press Ltd.
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Scott, W. R. (1981). Organizations: Rational, Natural, and Open Systems. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
22
Stevens, A. (2016). Configurations of Corruption: A Cross-national Qualitative Comparative Analyses of Level of Perceived Corruption. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 57(4), pp. 183-206.
23
Shadabi, L. (2013). The Impact of Religion on Corruption. The Journal of Business Inquiry, 12 (1), pp. 102-117.
24
Seligson, M. (2006). The Impact of Corruption on Region Legitimacy: A Comparative Study of Four Latin American Countries. The Journal of Politics, 64(2), pp. 408-433.
25
The World Bank. (2016). The Share of Natural Resource Rent in GDP. [Dataset]. Retrieved from: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator? tab=all
26
Theim, A. and Dusa, A. (2013). QCA: A Package for Qualitative Comparative Analysis. Contributed Research Articles, 5(1), pp. 87-97.
27
Treisman, D. (2000). The Cause of Corruption: A Cross-national Study. Journal of Public Economies, 76 (3), pp. 399-457.
28
Ubertia, L. (2016). The ‘Sociological Turn’ in Corruption Studies: Why Fighting Graft in The Developing World is Often Unnecessary, and Sometimes Counterproductive. Progress in Development Studies, 16(3), pp. 261-277.
29
Wong, M. (2016). Public Spending, Corruption, and Inequality: A Comparative Analysis of Asia and Latin America. International Political Science Review, 38(3), pp. 298-315. Retrieved from: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0192512116642617
30
Williamson, J. and Shen, C. (2005). Corruption, Democracy, Economic Freedom, and State Strength: A Cross-national Analyses. INT. Journal of Comparative Sociology, 46(4), pp. 327-345.
31
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Hindu-Muslim Relationship in Bollywood in post 26/11: A Content Analysis of Movies (2008-2018)
This study investigates the representations of Hindu-Muslim relationship in Bollywood movies from 2008 to 2018. It is assumed that after 2008 Mumbai terrorist attacks, which are known as 26/11, conflicts between Hindus and Muslims have escalated. Since Indian people are extreme fans of movies, especially Bollywood movies, in this regard, it is expected that media could play a significant role in increasing or alleviating the conflicts by influencing people’s attitudes and opinions. This research seeks to examine the extent and modality of the representation of Hindu-Muslim relationships in Bollywood after the 2008 Mumbai attacks. The study was conducted through a content analysis of 11 Bollywood movies, which were selected from 70 Muslim-characters-based movies. Favorable, unfavorable, neutral and unclear were the four factors through which the movies’ contents were analyzed. The overall analysis of these factors indicate that 66.17% of the scenes were favorable, 14.70% were unfavorable, 2.94% were neutral, and 16.17% presented unclear images of Hindu-Muslim relationship in Bollywood movies. The results also indicate that Bollywood is not only depicting a positive image of this relationship, but also tries to tighten the bonds of the two religions, and in a broader sense, ties the two neighboring countries, Pakistan and India.
https://wsps.ut.ac.ir/article_75051_82ad1f1aef87b6f33343dce977c7c33d.pdf
2019-04-01
345
377
10.22059/wsps.2020.276334.1092
Bollywood
Hindu-Muslim relationship
Mumbai Attacks 26/11
Representation
Maziar
Mozaffari Falarti
mmfalarti@ut.ac.ir
1
Assistant Professor of South, East Asia and Oceania Studies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Hamideh
Molaei
hamideh.molaei@gmail.com
2
Assistant Professor of South, East Asia and Oceania Studies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Asra
Karim
asra.k2003@yahoo.com
3
M. A. in Indian Studies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Acharya, A. and Marwah, S. (2010). Nizam, la Tanzim (System, not Organization): Do Organizations Matter in Terrorism Today?A Study of the November 2008 Mumbai Attacks. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 34(1), pp. 1-16.
1
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2
Ahmed, S. (2008). India: A Laboratory of Inter-religious Experiment. Religion and the Arts, 12(1), pp. 319–328.
3
Akter Banu, R. (1992). Islam in Bangladesh. Netherlands: Unknown Publisher.
4
Al-Rawi, A. (2014). The Representation of September 11th and American Islamophobia in Non-Western Cinema. Media, War & Conflict, 7(2), pp. 152–164. DOI: 10.1177/ 1750635214530208.
5
Ali, S.; Chaudhry, S. and Faridi, A. B. (2012). Portrayal of Muslims Characters in the Indian Movies. Pakistan Journal of History and Culture, 33(1).pp. 137-159
6
Ali, M. (2017, May 28). Bollywood, Please Spare Us Your Muslim Stereotyping. Retrieved Aug. 29, 2019 from: https://www. thedailystar.net/opinion/shifting-images/bollywood-please-spare-us-your-muslim-stereotyping-1411690
7
Apoorvanand, J. (2018, May 3). How India's Institutions are Failing Muslims. Retrieved Sep. 1, 2019 from: https://www.aljazeera.com/ indepth/opinion/india-institutions-failing-muslims-180502100321517. html
8
Ashraf Khan, M. and Bokhari, Z. (2011). Portrayal of Muslims in Indian Cinema: A Content Analysis of Movies during (2002-8). Pakistan Journal of Islamic Research, 8, pp. 1-15.
9
Ayyub, R. (2018, Jul. 20). Mobs Are Killing Muslims in India. Why Is No One Stopping Them? Retrieved Aug. 24, 2019 from: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/jul/20/mobs-killing-muslims-india-narendra-modi-bjp
10
Azad, A. K. (1988). Āzādi-ye Hend be revāyat-e molānā Abol Kalām Āzād [In English: India Wins freedom, as narrated by Maulana Abul Kalam Azad] (A. Osmani, Trans.). Tehran: Alhoda International Publishing group.
11
Basu, A. (2017, Dec. 5). Babri Mosque: The Build-up to a Demolition That Shook India. Retrieved Aug. 2, 2019 from: https://www. bbc.com/ news/world-asia-india-42106056
12
Datta, P. (1998). Separatism in Indian Politics. The Indian Journal of Political Science, 49(4), pp. 517-536.
13
Dean, L. (2015, May 15). Forget Hollywood, Egyptians Are in Love with Bollywood. Retrieved Aug. 20, 2019 from: https://www.pri.org/ stories/2015-05-17/forget-hollywood-egyptians-are-love-bollywood.
14
Dedhia, S. (2014, Nov. 18). Saif Ali Khan: Islam is Unpopular Today. Retrieved Aug. 19, 2019 from: http://www.rediff.com/ movies/ report/saif - ali - khan - islam - is - unpopular - today/ 20141118. htm
15
Dwyer, R. (2017). Calling God on the Wrong Number: Hindu‐Muslim Relations in PK (2014) and Bajrangi Bhaijaan (2015). Hartford Seminary, 107(2), pp. 256-270 .
16
Ebrahim, M. (2017, Feb. 9). The Inaccurate Representations of Islam in Bollywood Movies and the Banning of ‘Raees’. Retrieved Aug. 9, 2019 from: https://themuslimvibe.com/ western-muslim-culture/the-inaccurate-representations-of-islam-in-bollywood-movies-and-the-banning-of-raees
17
Ghassem-Fachandi, P. (2012). Pogrom in Gujarat: Hindu Nationalism and Anti-Muslim Violence in India. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
18
Gopal, L. (2017, Dec. 2). The Three Khans of Bollywood. Retrieved Aug. 15 from: https://www.desiblitz.com/ content/the-three-khans-of-bollywood.
19
Hall, S. (1999). Representation. London: Sage Publications.
20
Hirji, F. (2010). Change of Pace? Islam and Tradition in Popular Indian Cinema. South Asian Popular Culture, 6(1), pp. 57-69.
21
Indo-Asian News Service. (2014, Dec. 14). Bollywood Finds Roots in Peshawar. Retrieved Aug. 26, 2019 from: https://tribune. com. pk/story/809335/bollywood-finds-roots-in-peshawar/
22
India Marks.(2015). The Khans of Bollywood. Retrieved Aug. 11, 2019 from: http://www.indiamarks.com/the-khans-of-bollywood/.
23
Khan, Y. (2007). The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan. United Kingdome: Yale University Press.
24
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25
Krippendorff, K. (2004). Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications.
26
Kumar, S. (2016). Metonymies of Fear: Islamophobia and the Making of Muslim Identity in Hindi Cinema. Society and Culture in South Asia, 2(2), pp. 233-255.
27
Latiff, R. (2018, Feb. 2). Malaysia Bans Bollywood Film over Negative Portrayal of Muslim Ruler. Retrieved Aug. 17, 2019 from: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-movie-malaysia/malaysia-bans-bollywood-film-over-negative-portrayal-of-muslim-ruler-idUSKBN1FM1AY .
28
Maderya, K. (2015, Mar. 11). How Representative of India is Bollywood? Retrieved Aug. 8, 2019 from: https://www. popmatters. com/191083-bollywoods-india-by-rachel-dwyer-2495555769.html
29
Mahmood, S. (2018, Feb. 2). The Darker Side of India: Religious Violence. Retrieved Aug. 17, 2019 from: https://www. counterpunch. org/ 2018/ 02/ 02/ the-darker-side-of-india-religious -violence/
30
Mannathukkaren, N. (2010). Media terror! Understanding Television and the Media in India in the Context of ‘26/11’. South Asian History and Culture, 1(3), pp. 416-434.
31
Matova, Sh. (2016, Jul. 13). What's the Difference between a Hollywood Movie and a Bollywood Film?. Retrieved Aug. 13, 2019 from: https://reelrundown.com/movies/Whats-the-Difference-Between-a-Hollywood-Movie-and-a-Bollywood-Movie.
32
Mehdi, Z. (2017). PHOBIA OF RELIGION: RELIGION AS ISLAM a Political Argument and a Psychoanalytic Inquiry of Islamophobia in India. International Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies, 14(3), pp. 222– 244. https://doi.org/10.1002/aps.1535
33
Momin, S. (2017, Dec. 6). When the Last Dome Fell: A First-person Account of the Babri Masjid Demolition. Retrieved Aug. 8, 2019 from: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/when-the-last-dome-fell-a-first-person-account-of-the-babri-masjid-demolition/article 21273367.ece
34
Niaz, M. and Siddiq, A. (2018). Socio-Economic Indicators for the Development of Rural Muslim Communities: A Meta-Analysis from India. International Journal of Management Studies, 5(2-3), pp. 17-33. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18843/ijms/v5i2(3)/03
35
Pandey, V. (2014, Dec. 26). Why Is Bollywood Film PK Controversial?. Retrieved Aug. 21, 2019 from: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-30602809.
36
Patel, A. (2017, Jun. 28). India: Hate Crimes against Muslims and Rising Islamophobia Must Be Condemned. Retrieved Aug. 13, 2019 from: https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2017/06/india-hate-crimes-against-muslims-and-rising-islamophobia-must-be-condemned/
37
Quayum, M. (2015). Hindu–Muslim Relations in the Work of Rabindranath Tagore and Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain. South Asia Research,, 35(2), pp. 177-194
38
Roy, T. (2009). ‘India’s 9/11’ Accidents of a Moveable Metaphor. Theory, Culture & Society, 26(7–8), pp. 314–328.
39
Saberin, Z. (2017, Dec. 6). Babri Mosque Demolition: A 'Watershed Moment'. Retrieved Aug. 8, 2019 from: https://www.aljazeera.com /indepth/features/2017/12/babri-mosque-demolition-watershed-moment-171205135217086.html
40
Sen Nag, O. (2018, Apr. 19). Countries with the Largest Muslim Populations. Retrieved Aug. 5, 2019 from: https://www.worldatlas. com/articles/countries-with-the-largest-muslim-populations.html.
41
Shah Rukh Khan's Article on Being a Khan. (2013, Jan. 29). Retrieved (2019, Sep. 03) from https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Shah-Rukh-Khans-article-on-Being-a-Khan/articleshow/18243660.cms
42
Shaheen, Jack. (2009). Reel Bad Arabs: How Hollywood Vilifies a People. Massachusetts: Olive Branch Press.
43
Shams, Sh. (2013, Jan. 30). Being a Muslim Star in India Comes with a Price. Retrieved Aug. 2, 2019 from: https://www.dw.com/en/being-a-muslim-star-in-india-comes-with-a-price/a-16560915.
44
Srivastava, N. (2009). Bollywood as National(ist) Cinema Violence, Patriotism and the National-Popular in Rang De Basanti. Third Text, 23(6), pp. 703–716.
45
Talbot, I. and Singh, G. (2009). The Partition of India. Journal of Islamic Studies, 21(3), pp. 464–467. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
46
Williams, P. (2007). Exploring the Dynamics of Communal Relations in Varanasi, North India. Journal of South Asian Development, 2(2), pp. 153-176.
47
Yousfani, M. (2012, Aug. 21). Bollywood, Please Stop Demonizing Muslims. Retrieved Aug. 6, 2019 from: https://blogs.tribune.com. pk/story/12752/bollywood-please-stop-demonising-muslims/.
48
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Sport behind Public Diplomacy; Functional Components of Sport Diplomacy in Iran
The purpose of this study is to identify the role of sport as a soft power for Iran to facilitate its diplomatic relations after the nuclear deal. The research method used in this study is mixed (qualitative and quantitative): in the qualitative part of the analysis, the study sample was selected via Snowball sampling based on partricipants’ expertise in the sport diplomacy of Iran after two rounds of Fuzzy Delphi Method (FDM) exploratory factor analysis. Seven components of political currents, cultural exchange, peacemaking, national unity, economic development, transformation, communication, and religious currents were extracted. After identifying the study’s research variables in a structural-interpretive modeling, the relationship between variables was examined through a structural equation modeling test. The results of the structural equation model indicated that political currents, cultural exchange, transformation and communication had a direct and significant effect on national unity. The relationship between political and peacebuilding was not confirmed, but national unity and excellence in peace diplomacy had a direct and significant impact on the economic development of societies.
https://wsps.ut.ac.ir/article_75053_39daf9b32df5b6498a2db09ee7afb931.pdf
2019-04-01
379
407
10.22059/wsps.2020.287479.1116
diplomacy
Fuzzy Delphi Method
Iran
Peace
Sport
Arash
Dousti
arash.dousti@yahoo.com
1
PhD Student of Physical Education, Borujerd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Borujerd, Iran
AUTHOR
Reza
Saboonchi
saboonchi.reza@yahoo.com
2
Assistant Professor of Physical Education, Borujerd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Borujerd, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mahdi
Shariati Feizabadi
mahdishariatifeiz@gmail.com
3
Assistant Professor of Physical Education, Technical and Vocational University (TVU), Iran
AUTHOR
Abdi, K.; Talebpour, M.; Fullerton, J.; Ranjkesh, M. J. and Nooghabi, H. J. (2019). Identifying Sports Diplomacy Resources as Soft Power Tools. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 15(3), pp. 147-155.
1
Bagheri, Y.; Shariati Feizabadi, M. and Nazarian, A. (1395 [2016 A.D]). Modelsāzi-ye narm (ISM) moalefehā-ye diplomāsi-ye varzeš [in English: Interpretative Structural Modeling (ISM) of Sport Diplomacy Components]. Journal of Sport Management, 8(5), pp. 797-821. doi:10.22059/jsm.2016.60248
2
Cha, V. (2013). The Asian Games and Diplomacy in Asia: Korea–China–Russia. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 30(10), pp. 1176-1187.
3
Dichter, H. L. (Ed.) (2020). Global Players: Soccer and Diplomacy. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky.
4
Dubinsky, Y. (2019). From Soft Power to Sports Diplomacy: A Theoretical and Conceptual Discussion. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 15(3), pp. 156-164.
5
Ebrahimi, G.; Razeghi, N. and Moslemi, R. (1389 [2011 A.D.]). Oqāt-e ferāqat va avāmel-e ejtemā'i-ye mo'aser bar ān: (motāle'e-ye moredi-ye afrād-e 15 ta 64 sāle-ye šahrestān-e juybār) [in English: Social Factors Affecting Leisure A case Study of the 15-64 Year-Old in the City of Jouybar City]. Journal of Applied Sociology, 22(4), pp. 71-98. Retrieved from: http://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_18244_bdb09ce27 b10285a42080501f5201a3f.pdf
6
Eltyami Niya, R. and Mohamadi Aziz Abadi, M. (1394 [2015 A.D.]). Naqš-e taba'I va tasri' konande-ye varzeš dar farāham kardan-e šarāyet-e solh dar beyn-e dolat-hā [in English: Consequential and Catalytic Role of Sport in Creating Conditions of Peace Conditions among the States]. Scientific Journal Management System, 7(22), 149-179. Retrieved from: http://pir.iaush.ac.ir/article_556118_ 8443fcbabd07623a7f886f6985bc38c6.pdf
7
Shariati Feizabadi, M.; Khabiri, M. and Hamidi, M. (2013). The Relationship between the Success of Countries at the Guangzhou 2010 Summer Asian Games and Demo-Economic Factors. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 82, pp. 369-374.
8
Grix, J. and Houlihan, B. (2014). Sports Mega-Events as Part of a Nation's Soft Power Strategy: The Cases of Germany (2006) and the UK (2012). The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 16(4), pp. 572-596.
9
Keshavarz Shokri, A.; Bayat, M. and Bakhshandeh, Kh. (1392 [2013 A.D.]). Diplomāsi-ye farhangi-ye irān (Iran) dar xāvar-e miyāne(h); tahavol-e ertebātāt va lozum-e kārbord-e abzārhā-ye novin [in English: Cultural Diplomacy in the Middle East: Community Evolution and the Need to Use New Tools]. Culture Communication Studies, 14(23), pp. 7-29.
10
Khan, S., and Ali, A. A. (2019). Public Diplomacy between Pakistan and India an Analysis. Pakistan Journal of International Affairs, 2(1), pp. 58-71
11
Min, D. and Choi, Y. (2019). Sport Cooperation in Divided Korea: An Overstated Role of Sport Diplomacy in South Korea. Sport in Society, 22(8), pp. 1382-1395.
12
Murray, S. (2011). Sports-Diplomacy: A hybrid of Two Halves. Paper Presented at the Artigo Apresentado no International Symposium on Cultural Diplomacy. Anais, Berlim.
13
Murray, S. (2018). Sports Diplomacy: Origins, Theory and Practice. Oxford shire: Routledge.
14
Murray, S. and Pigman, G. A. (2014). Mapping the Relationship between International Sport and Diplomacy. Sport in Society, 17(9), pp. 1098-1118.
15
Pigman, G. A. (2014). International Sport and Diplomacy's Public Dimension: Governments, Sporting Federations and the Global Audience. Diplomacy & Statecraft, 25(1), 94-114.
16
Roberts, W. R. (2007). What is Public Diplomacy? Past Practices, Present Conduct, Possible Future. Mediterranean Quarterly, 18(4), pp. 36-52.
17
Rowe, D. (2019). The Worlds That Are Watching: Media, Politics, Diplomacy, and the 2018 Pyeong Chang Winter Olympics. Communication & Sport, 7(1), pp. 3-22.
18
Shariati Feizabadi, M. (1398 [2019 A.D.]). Motāle'e-ye tatbiqi-ye diplomāsi-ye varzeš dar tose'e-ye ravābet-e xāreji-ye irān (Iran) va kešvar-hā-ye montaxab [in English: Comparative Study of Sport Diplomacy among the Selected Countries and Iran]. Bi-quarterly Journal of Political Knowledge 29(3), pp. 103-137. Retrieved from: http://pkn.journals.isu.ac.ir/article_2619_eadc72825329320016c1a8ccbacdacbc.pdf
19
Shariati Feizabadi, M. and Goodarzi, M. (1394 [2015 A.D.]). Jāygāh-e diplomāsi-ye varzeš dar ravābet-e beyn-al-melal jomhuri-ye eslāmi-ye irān (Iran) ; ruykard-e keyfi-ye mobtani bar tahlil-e mohtavā [in English: Position of Sports Diplomacy in International Relations of the Islamic Republic of Iran; A Qualitative Approach Based on Content Analysis]. Journal of Political Knowledge, 11(2), pp. 95-127. Retrieved from: http://pkn.journals.isu.ac.ir/article_1778_ 30db9829ab20b76b13f7a8af5c994205.pdf
20
Shirkhani, M. A. and Adeli, I. (2018). Exploring the Role of Brands in Public Diplomacy. Journal of World Sociopolitical Studies, 2(4), pp. 675-698.
21
Soltanifar, M. and Khanzadeh, L. (1392 [2013 A.D.]). Diplomasi-ye resāne-'i-ye jomhuri-ye eslāmi-ye irān (Iran) (forsat-ha, čāleš-ha, āsibšenāsi va rāhbord-ha) [in English: Iranian Media Diplomacy (Opportunities, Challenges, Pathology and Strategies)].Culture-Communication Studies, 14(22), pp. 181-205. Retrieved from: http://www.jccs.ir/article_3348_93e81a0aafb0eeb3757ca75f11a81ba2.pdf
22
Štulajer, I. and Štulajter, M. (2016). Significance of Sport in International Relations. Journal of Modern Science, 2(29), pp. 381-388.
23
Ushkovska, M. and Petrushevska, T. (2015). Sports Diplomacy: Development and Practice. Research in Kinesiology, 43(1), pp. 89-93.
24
Won, D. and Chiu, W. (2020). Politics, place and nation: comparing the hosting of sport events in Korea and Taiwan. Sport in Society 23(1), pp. 142-158.
25
Zargar, R (1394 [2015 A.D.]). Varzeš va ravābet-e beyn-al-melal: janbe-hā-ye mafhumi va te'orik [in English: Sport and International Relations: Conceptual and Theoretical Aspects (Unpublished Master Thesis). Allameh Tabatabaei University, Tehran, Iran
26
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Israel Advocacy in the Academic Field: The Case of Terrorism Studies
Research on the special relationship between the United States and Israel has usually been focused on strategic aspects, whilst fewer scholars have focused on non-material dimensions of the relationship. In addition, the existing research is mostly confined to the political and decision-making realms, with very few excursions into the academic arena. The current article aims to fill this lacuna through the study of pro-Israel academic discourse in America, focusing on the specific case of the field of terrorism studies. Critical discourse analysis of pro-Israel academic texts in this field is carried out to reveal the discourse, themes and arguments used to build this ideational pillar of the special relationship and move towards a common identity between the US and Israel. The common ingroup identity model (CIIM) is used to describe the process through which a common identity is constructed. The article concludes that defining the Self, defining the Other, and defining the norms are the three main strategies employed in the studied texts to achieve this goal.
https://wsps.ut.ac.ir/article_74963_28242fcff9089545b697da25eae0617f.pdf
2019-04-01
409
444
10.22059/wsps.2020.286488.1111
academic discourse
common identity
Israel
Israel advocates
special relationship
terrorism
United States
Elham
Kadkhodaee
kadkhodaee@ut.ac.ir
1
Assistant Professor of West Asian Studies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Aggarwal, N. K. (2011). Medical Orientalism and the War on Terror: Depictions of Arabs and Muslims in the Psychodynamic Literature post-9/11. Journal of Muslim Mental Health 6(1), pp. 4-20 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3998/jmmh.10381607.0006.102
1
Berko, A. (2007). The Path to Paradise: The Inner World of Suicide Bombers and Their Dispatchers (E. Yuval, Trans.). Westport, CT: Praeger Security International.
2
Berko, A. and Erez, E. (2005). "Ordinary People" and "Death Work": Palestinian Suicide Bombers as Victimizers and Victims. Violence and Victims, 20(6), pp. 603-623.
3
Berko, A. and Erez, E. (2006, Dec. 6). Women in Terrorism: a Palestinian Feminist Revolution or Gender Oppression?. Retrieved from https://www.ict.org.il/Article.aspx?ID=962#gsc.tab=0
4
Berko, A. (2019, Jan. 1). ד"ר ענת ברקו נעלמה- לצפות עד הסוף! [Dr. Anat Barco has disappeared – to the end], [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b9jDqi1AsTU
5
Burnett, J. and Whyte, D. (2005). Embedded Expertise and the New Terrorism. Journal for Crime, Conflict and the Media, 1(4): pp. 1-18.
6
Byman, D. (2013). A High Price: The Triumphs and Failures of Israeli Counterterrorism. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
7
"Dr. Anat Berko". (2017, Oct. 5). Retrieved from: https://www.israeliamerican.org/iac-national-conference/team-member/dr-anat-berko-mk
8
Gaertner, S. L. and Dovidio, J. F. (2009). Common Ingroup Identity: A Categorization-Based Approach for Reducing Intergroup Bias. In T. D. Nelson (Ed.), Handbook of Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination: Taylor & Francis.
9
Ganor B. (2015). Global Alert: The Rationality of Modern Islamist Terrorism and the Challenge to the Liberal Democratic World. New York: Columbia University Press.
10
Ganor, B. (2017). Israel’s Policy in Extortionist Terror Attacks (Abduction and Hostage Barricade Situations). Perspectives on Terrorism, 11(4), pp. 1-15 Retrievedfrom: http://www. terrorismanalysts. com/pt/index.php/pot/article/view/618
11
Ganor, B. (2018). Herzliya: The International Institute for Counter-Terrorism (ICT) at the Interdisciplinary Center (IDC) Herzeliya [Syllabus]. Retrieved from: https://www.birthrightisrael.com/ uploads/original/7acb66cbb43f7dad771c9bc48eccc643.pdf
12
Gunaratna, R. (2008). Bruce Hoffman: Inside Terrorism. Democracy and Security, 4 (3), pp. 312-313, DOI: 10.1080/17419160801891095
13
Hamamra, B. T. (2018). Witness and Martyrdom: Palestinian Female Martyrs’ Video-Testimonies. Journal for Cultural Research, 22(3), pp. 224-238, DOI: 10.1080/14797585.2018.1511941
14
Herman, E. and O'Sullivan, G. (1989). The "Terrorism" Industry: The Experts and Institutions that Shape Our View of Terror. New York: Pantheon Books.
15
Hoffman, B. (1993). "Holy Terror": The Implications of Terrorism Motivated by a Religious Imperative. RAND. Retrieved from https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/papers/2007/P7834.pdf
16
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