ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Towards Liberalization: A Study of Indian Experience, 1947–1991
Following the independence of 1947, India adhered to a mixed model of nationalist and socialist policies in the early years, with protectionism and closed-borders attitude dominating its approach to foreign relations and global economy. In the aftermath of the economically precarious circumstances during the 1980s, and the subsequent economic crisis in the early 1990s, paradigmatic reforms, widely known as liberalization, were officially announced. However, considering Indian liberalization as a gradually evolving process, rather than a one-off project, this paper intends to take a political economy approach and employ historical analysis in order to scrutinize the pre-1991 contextual trajectory through which India underwent liberalizing its economy. The paper explicates the implemented economic approaches by studying the key primary sources, the Five-Year Plans in particular, and the relevant secondary sources. The authors propound the notion that India, since its independence till the early 1990s, appears caught in a cycle of oscillations between protective measures on one hand and attempts to move towards a liberalized economy on the other. The statist model of development that overwhelmingly disfavored interaction with the global economy at the outset was gradually replaced by a decentralized model that sought to open up the Indian economy to the world.
https://wsps.ut.ac.ir/article_84677_bada66dcaea0f0c910af2fb2e22ccb09.pdf
2021-01-01
1
47
10.22059/wsps.2021.332814.1246
Economic Policies
Five-Year Plans
India
Liberalization
political economy
Mohammad
Mousavi
mamousavi@ut.ac.ir
1
Associate Professor of North American Studies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Tohid
Asadi
t.asadi@ut.ac.ir
2
PhD Candidate of North American Studies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
A Spiral of Distrust: Contingencies of US Decisions in 1978–79 and the Emergence of an Anti-American Path in the Islamic Republic of Iran’s Foreign Policy
The anti-American inclination of the Islamic Republic of Iran’s foreign policy-making is well established, and the bitter aspects of the two nation’s history well known. However, to assert a simple causal relationship between history and foreign-policy structure portrays the Islamic Republic’s anti-Americanism as inevitable, eternal and unrelated to actors’ agency. This article disputes this simple structural understanding by drawing on Greener’s method of applying path-dependency theory to political science. We first identify the ideas and structure of revolutionary Iran, benefiting in particular from the complementary insights of postcolonial theory. Following, we examine US policy choices in the Islamic Republic’s formative period of 1978–79—specifically those related to human rights, the shah and direct US intervention—and how these were perceived and acted upon in Tehran. Our findings indicate that American actions and Iranian decisions both influenced the establishment of a path-dependent process of perception and perpetration that continues until today. Successive Iranian governments have asserted that America ignores Iranian’s human rights, supports their enemies, and pursues direct intervention, while successive US government actions, motivated by Iranian counter-actions, have generated ample evidence to validate such claims. This can explain how a spiral of distrust emerged between the two nations.
https://wsps.ut.ac.ir/article_85739_a73098cff890c1a311b4276a7dd1ff10.pdf
2021-01-01
47
82
10.22059/wsps.2022.335584.1256
postcolonialism
path dependency
Islamic Revolution of Iran
Iran-US relations
Foreign Policy
Ayatollah Khomeini
Jimmy Carter
Mohammad
Samiei
m.samiei@ut.ac.ir
1
Associate Professor of Iranian Studies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Janice
Webster
janicemariewebster@gmail.com
2
PhD Candidate of Iranian Studies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Archer, M. (1995). Realist Social Theory: The Morphogenetic Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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67
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68
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Financialization of the American Dream in the 21st Century in the US as a World Leading Country
American Dream is a national ethos of the United States, which was first coined by James Truslow Adams in the 20th century, meaning everyone should have the opportunity to reach what s/he desires according to his/her abilities and attempts. Although the concept of American Dream existed from the beginning days of the establishment of the United States, it has undergone significant changes throughout the country’s history. This study investigates the effect of the financialization of the economy (the increase of the importance and the size of the financial sector relative to the entire economy) in the 21st century on the three key elements of the American Dream—homeownership, employment, and income—from George Bush’s presidency in 2001 to the end of Barack Obama's presidency in 2016. The theoretical framework of the study is the American Dream Theory and the financialization of capitalization, and its methodology consists of a qualitative historical analysis. The result of the study indicate that financialization of the economy in the 21st century caused the American Dream to become more financialized: while presidents Bush and Obama promised to realize American Dream for all Americans, in practice, their administration policies were more in the interest of financial institutions and the rich, rather than low and middle-class Americans.
https://wsps.ut.ac.ir/article_85457_db2171133931f98badc5b85fa693a36e.pdf
2021-01-01
85
132
10.22059/wsps.2022.332623.1245
American Dream
Barack Obama
employment
Financialization
George Bush
homeownership
Income
Maryam
Shariat
marshariat14@gmail.com
1
PhD Candidate of North American Studies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Hassan
Hosseini
hahosseini@ut.ac.ir
2
Assistant Professor of North American Studies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Acharya V. V., Cooley, T., Richardson, M., Sylla, R., & Walter, I. (2011). The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act: Accomplishments and Limitations. Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, 23(1), 43-56. DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-6622.2011.00313.x
1
Acharya Viral, V., & Richardson, M. (2012). Implications of the DoddFrank Act. Annual Review of Financial Economics, 4(1), 1-38. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-financial-030912-140516
2
Andriosopoulosa, K. Chan, K. K., Dontis-Charitos, P., & Staikourasc, S. K. (2016). Wealth and Risk Implications of the Dodd-Frank Act on the U.S. Financial Intermediaries. Journal of Financial Stability, 33, 366-379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfs.2016.09.006
3
Be´land, D. (2007). Neo-Liberalism and Social Policy. Policy Studies, 28(2), 91-107. https://doi.org/10.1080/01442870701309023
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Bush, G. W. (2001, May 2). Remarks by the President in Social Security Announcement. Retrieved from The White House: https:// georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/05/ 20010502.html
5
Bush, G. W. (2002, Jun. 17). President Calls for Expanding Opportunities to Home Ownership. (2002, June). Retrieved from The White House: https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/ 2002/06/20020617-2.html
6
Bush, G. W. (2004, Oct. 10). Remarks to the National Association of Home Builders in Columbus, Ohio. Retrieved from Authenticated US Government Information: https://www.govinfo.gov/content/ pkg/WCPD-2004-10-11/pdf/WCPD-2004-10-11-Pg2217.pdf
7
Calomiris, C. W. (2018). Introduction: Assessing banking regulation during the Obama era. Journal of Financial Intermediation, 34, 1-2. Doi: 10.1016/j.jfi.2018.01.009
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Chomsky, N. (2017). Requiem for the American Dream. New York: Seven Stories Press.
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Choo, F., & Tan, K. (2006). An “American Dream” Theory of Corporate Executive Fraud. Accounting Forum, 31(2), 203-215. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.accfor.2006.12.004
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Churchwell, S. (2018). Behold, America A History of America First and the American Dream. London: Bloomsbury Publishing
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Cumulative Growth in Income Before Transfers and Taxes Among Households in the Highest Quintile, 1979 to 2007. (2021, Oct. …). Retrieved from Congressional Budget Office: https://www.cbo.gov/ publication/57404
16
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17
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19
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Ghosh, S., & Mohamed, S. (2010). The Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) and its Limitations: An Analysis. International Journal of Law and Management, 52(2), 124-143. DOI: 10.1108/ 17542431011029424
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H.R.1836 - Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001. (2001). Retrieved from Congress.gov: https://www.congress.gov/ bill/107th-congress/house-bill/1836
30
Rept. 108-164 - American Dream Downpayment Act. (2003). Retrieved from CONGRESS.GOV: https://www.congress.gov/ congressional-report/108th-congress/house-report/164
31
H.R.2 - Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003. (2003). Retrieved from Congress.Gov: https://www.congress.gov/bill/108th-congress/house-bill/2
32
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33
Historical Income Tables: Households. (2020, Nov.). Retrieved from United States Census Bureau: https://www.census.gov/data/ tables/ time-series/demo/income-poverty/historical-income-households.html
34
Homeownership in the United States:1970-2020. (2020). Retrieved from US Census Bureau of Labor Statistics: https://www.census.gov/ newsroom/press-releases/2021/homeownership.html
35
Hyman, L. (2018). How American Work, American Business, and the American Dream Became Temporary. New York: Penguin Random House LLC.
36
Immergluck, D. (2009). The Foreclosure Crisis, Foreclosed Properties, and Federal Policy: Some Implications for Housing and Community Development Planning. Journal of the American Planning Association, 75(4), 406-423. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 01944360903124316
37
Jillson, C. (2016). The American Dream In History, Politics, and Fiction. Kansas: University Press of Kansas.
38
Kimmage, M. C. (2011). The Politics of the American Dream,1980 to 2008. In S. L. Hanson & J. K. White (Eds.), The American Dream in the 21st Century (pp. 29-39). Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
39
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41
Ludwig, E. A. (2012). Assessment of Dodd-Frank Financial Regulatory Reform: Strengths, Challenges, and Opportunities for a Stronger Regulatory System. Yale Journal on Regulation, 29(1), 181-200. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.13051/8146
42
Nwogugu, M. I. (2016). Failure of the Dodd-Frank Act. Journal of Financial Crime, 22(4), 520-572. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFC-11-2014-0053
43
Obama, B. (2006). The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the Amercan Dream. New York: Crown Publishing Group.
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45
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Obama. B. (2009, Feb. 18). Speech on Home Mortgage Crisis. Reuters. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/obama-mortgages-idUSN1843410920090218
47
Ortiz, J. P. (2014). Financialization: The AIDS of Economic System. Ensayos de Economía, 23(44), 55-73. https://revistas.unal.edu.co/ index.php/ede/article/view/46419
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Peschek, J. G. (2011). The Obama Presidency and the Great Recession: Political Economy, Ideology, and Public Policy. New Political Science, 23(4), 429-444. https://doi.org/10.1080/07393148.2011. 619817
49
Regulatory Impact of Implementing "Helping Families Save Their Homes" Act. (2009). Retrieved from US Department of Housing and Urban Development: https://archives.hud.gov/initiatives/hopefor homeowners/h4heconomicanalysis.cfm
50
Schwartz, A. (2012). US Housing Policy in the Age of Obama: From Crisis to Stasis. International Journal of Housing Policy, 12(2), 227–240. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616718.2012.681549
51
Smemo, K. (2019). Managing a Regime in Crisis: The Twilight of Neoliberalism and the Politics of Economic Recovery During the First Year of the Obama Administration. In W. C. Rich (Ed.), Looking Back on President Barack Obama’s Legacy (pp. 47-68). Wellesley: Palgrave Macmillan.
52
Smith, H. (2012). Who Stole the American Dream. New York: Random House.
53
The Cost of Iraq, Afghanistan, and Other Global War on Terror Operations Since 9/11. (2012). Retrieved from Congressional Research Service: https://sgp.fas.org/crs/natsec/RL33110.pdf
54
The Employment Situation – August 2011. (2011, Sep. 2). Retrieved from Bureau of Labor Statistics US Department of Labor: https://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/empsit_09022011.pdf
55
Thies, C. G. (2002). A Pragmatic Guide to Qualitative Historical Analysis in the Study of International Relations. International Studies Perspectives, 3(4), 351-372. https://www.jstor.org/stable/ 44218229
56
Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP): Implementation and Status. (2013, Jun. 27). Retrieved from Congressional Research Service: https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R41427.pdf
57
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58
US Census Bureau News. (2020). Retrieved from US Census Bureau: https://www.census.gov/housing/hvs/files/qtr115/currenthvspress.pdf.
59
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Determinants of the intention of Iranian people to accept the changes of social welfare under the imposed sanctions
This research seeks to answer the question “what factors affect Iranian people’s adaptation to the changes in their social welfare under the imposed sanctions?” To this end, a survey methodology based on two theories of Sanctions Acceptance Model (SAM) and Ulrich Beck’s theory of risk society is employed to analyze the opinions of 135 respondents who are experts in the fields of economic sciences, economic resistance, economic development, and sociology of development. The results reveal that government organizations and institutions play a major role in assisting people in their adaptation to the conditions resultant from the sanctions. In the next step, the context of the sanctions was addressed in relation to the characteristics of the imposed sanctions. These characteristics, namely the target of the sanctions, the duration of the sanctions, the depth of the impact of the sanctions, threat or imposition of sanctions, and the unilateral or multilateral nature of sanctions play a major role in Iranian people’s level of acceptance regarding the changes in their social welfare. Individuals are another important group whose mentalities and perceptions are affected by the imposed sanctions.
https://wsps.ut.ac.ir/article_85546_6e9952e2968ccb46f1074645ea6f2463.pdf
2021-01-01
133
156
10.22059/wsps.2022.332029.1242
Beck’s Theory of Risk Society
economic sanction
Iran
Sanctions Acceptance Model
Social Welfare
Ehsan
Rasoulinezhad
e.rasoulinezhad@ut.ac.ir
1
Assistant Professor of Russian, Central Asian and Caucasus Studies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Jinsok
Sung
jinsok.sung@gmail.com
2
Researcher of International Relations, Hallym University of Graduate Studies, Seoul, South Korea
AUTHOR
Afesorgbor, S. K. (2019). The Impact of Economic Sanctions on International Trade: How Do Threatened Sanctions Compare with Imposed Sanctions?. European Journal of Political Economy, 56, 11-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2018.06.002
1
Ahmadi, S. (2016). The Impact of Sanction on Bilateral Intra-Industry Trade between Iran and SCO Counties. Iranian Economic Review, 20(3), 277-293. DOI: 10.22059/IER.2016.58958
2
Aloosh, M., Salavati, A., & Aloosh, A. (2019). Economic Sanctions Threaten Population Health: The Case of Iran. Public Health. Public Health, 169, 10-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2019.01.006
3
Altmann, Th., & Giersch, J. (2021). Sanctioned Terror: Economic Sanctions and More Effective Terrorism. International Politics, Advance Online Publication. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41311-021-00318-z
4
Attia, H., Grauvogel, J., & Soset, Ch. (2020). The Termination of International Sanctions: Explaining Target Compliance and Sender Capitulation. European Economic Review, 129(Oct.). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2020.103565
5
Bagheri, S., & Akbarpour, H. R. (2016). Reinvestigation of the West’s Sanctions against Russia in the Crisis of Ukrain and Russia’s Reaction. Procedia Economics and Finance, 36(16), 89-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(16)30019-3
6
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38
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
A Theoretical Treatise on the Role of American Think Tanks in US Relations with the Muslim World: An Exploration into the Ideational Structures of American Exceptionalism and Orientalism
As a theoretical treatise, the present article brings to light the applicability of constructivism to the study of think tanks as ideational agents actively participating in the construction of ideational structures that constitute American identity, interests, and policies. It is argued that when discussing think tanks’ production of expertise and policy advice on U.S. relations with the Muslim world, American exceptionalism and Orientalism operate as two interconnected ideational structures influencing the process. Based on a constructivist framework, an investigation into the role of think tanks in U.S. foreign policy should not begin at the final stage of policy formation; rather, it is necessary to look into how think tanks influence the process of policy making at the ideational level. As such, the characteristics of U.S. foreign policy toward the Muslim world will remain unchanged as long as there is an ideational commitment to the creed of American exceptionalism; that is to say, as long as American exceptionalism constitutes American identity, American interest, and thus American foreign policy behavior toward the Muslim world. Think tanks, as the special focal points at the intersection of the political realm, the academia, and the media, serve as the hubs of American exceptionalism and Orientalism. As long as this dual creed is continually reproduced in the think tank world, it is logical to conclude that no change is in sight with regard to U.S. foreign policy and American unilateral interventionism in the Muslim world. A break with American exceptionalism and Orientalism in the think tank world, in turn, would signal the beginning of a new era in the operation of American foreign policy.
https://wsps.ut.ac.ir/article_85461_9d578884f98954fde963474e2e303813.pdf
2021-01-01
157
191
10.22059/wsps.2022.329976.1237
American Exceptionalism
Constructivism
international relations
Muslim World
orientalism
think tanks
the United States of America
Hakimeh
Saghaye-Biria
hakimehbiria@ut.ac.ir
1
Assistant Professor of Specialized Department of Islamic Revolution, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Russia and Hamas after 2006: Realities of a Questionable Relationship
This article aims at examining Russia's relations with the Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas) and Moscow's motives and goals for the establishment and enhancement of those ties. We explore Russia's worldview to position the Middle East and Hamas in a pre-established frame, subsequently examining the reasons behind the development of these relationships. This article sets out to answer a two-fold question: What has been Russia's aim of receiving Hamas leaders and establishing high-level relations with this movement since 2006, and what components have influenced these interactions at international and regional levels? The paper argues that Russia considers its relations with Muslim nations and movements not only a foreign policy principle but also a domestic issue. Hence, it seeks to take advantage of the U.S. retrenchment from the region to expand its influence, play a mediatory role in the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, and elevate its reputation among Muslims inside and outside the country. Recognizing Hamas' position, Russia resolved to develop its ties with Hamas' leaders, started negotiating with all the parties in the Palestinian national reconciliation process, and provided political, economic, cultural, financial, and security support to eventually affect Hamas' stance vis-à-vis Israel.
https://wsps.ut.ac.ir/article_85684_5ad3cd8429a82ca4a8c01ba4e59623ad.pdf
2021-01-01
193
223
10.22059/wsps.2022.334274.1249
Hamas
Israel
Middle East
Palestine
Russia
Hassan
Ahmadian
hahmadian@ut.ac.ir
1
Assistant Professor of West Asian & North African Studies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Barari
Khodayar
khbarari@ut.ac.ir
2
Assistant Professor of Russian, Caucasian & Central Asian Studies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
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