ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Creating A New Anglo-Saxon Empire: A Post-Colonial Analysis of Alfred Milner’s Constructive Imperialism
At the end of the 19th century the British Empire faced numerous challenges, both external and internal. The cultural and political elite from across the Empire tried to find a solution to these crises. Alfred Milner was a member of this cultural and political elite. He contended that in order to safeguard the Empire, the Anglo-Saxon race had to embrace what he called “Constructive Imperialism” and gain an “imperial consciousness”. The aim of this article is first to analyze the nature of the crises the Empire faced, and discover the way in which they shaped Milner’s brand of Imperialism; second to situate Alfred Milner’s Constructive Imperialism in its cultural and political milieu; third to find its roots in the greater history of the British Empire; and finally, to understand why Alfred Milner failed to convince the Empire to embrace Constructive Imperialism. In order to reach its defined objectives, this article examines Alfred Milner’s Constructive Imperialism from a historical standpoint and then utilizes the Contrapuntal Analysis of Edward Said to further investigate its narrative.
https://wsps.ut.ac.ir/article_82382_000483249a90846ac6044bf1dd5b4915.pdf
2020-07-01
401
436
10.22059/wsps.2021.320601.1204
Alfred Milner
Edward Said
Constructive Imperialism
Contrapuntal Analysis
imperial consciousness
the British Empire
Ali
Zeraatpisheh
zeraatpishe.ali@ut.ac.ir
1
PhD Student of English Language and Literature, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mohammad
Marandi
mmarandi@ut.ac.ir
2
Professor of English Language and Literature, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Maryam
Beyad
msbeyad@ut.ac.ir
3
Associate Professor of English Language and Literature, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Appleby, J. C. (1998). War, Politics and Colonization: 1558-1625. In N. P. Canny (Ed.), The Oxford History of the British Empire: The Origins of Empire (pp. 55–78). New York: Oxford University Press.
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Armitage, D. (2009). The Ideological Origins of the British Empire. Cambridge, Greater London Area: Cambridge University Press.
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Bayly, S. (1999). The Evolution of Colonial Cultures: 19th Century Asia. In A. N. Porter (Ed.), The Oxford History of the British Empire: The 19th Century (pp. 447–469). New York: Oxford University Press.
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Burroughs, P. (1999). Imperial Institutions and the Government of Empire. In A. N. Porter (Ed.), The Oxford History of the British Empire: The 19th Century (pp. 170–197). New York: Oxford University Press.
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Cain, P. J., & Hopkins, A. G. (2016). British Imperialism: 1688-2015. New York: Routledge.
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Canny, N. P. (1998). The Origins of Empire: An Introduction. In N. P. Canny (Ed.), The Oxford History of the British Empire: The Origins of Empire (pp. 1–33). New York: Oxford University Press.
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Green, E. H. H. (1999). The Political Economy of Empire: 1880-1914. In A. N. Porter (Ed.), The Oxford History of the British Empire: The 19th Century (pp. 346-368). New York: Oxford University Press.
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Jackson, A. (2004). Ireland, the Union, and the Empire: 1800-1960. In K. Kenny (Ed.), The Oxford History of the British Empire Companion Series: Ireland and the British Empire (pp. 123–153). New York: Oxford University Press.
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Milner, A. (1902). England in Egypt. London: Edward Arnold Publishing House.
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Milner, A. (1913). The Nation and the Empire. London: Constable and Company.
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Offer, A. (1999). Costs and Benefits, Prosperity and Security: 1870-1914. In A. N. Porter (Ed.), The Oxford History of the British Empire: The 19th Century (pp. 690–711). New York: Oxford University Press.
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34
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Power from Revolution: The Configuration and Evolution of Iran’s Political Identity Reflected in the Supreme Leaders’ Hajj Messages
This research sheds light on what has constituted and defined Iran’s post-revolutionary political identity and provides insights into its development with important socio-political implications. In order to understand the configuration and the evolution of post-revolutionary identity in Iran, we examined Hajj Messages issued by Iran’s Supreme Leader through a content analysis within the framework of a threefold typological model of identity advanced by the authors: empiricistic, rationalistic, and idealistic. The passages selected from the Supreme Leader’s Hajj Messages are classified into the above-mentioned three categories based on the model. Results indicate that in the post-revolutionary Iran, a rationalism that inherits the doctrines of anti-despotism, anti-colonialism, and return to Islam prevails. It is also observed that the post-revolutionary identity of Iran has both empiricist and idealist factors, in the narrations of which the rituals of Hajj and the history of prophets are underscored respectively. This research also concerns ebbs and flows in the process of identity development in post-revolutionary Iran. Whilst the rationalist factor keeps stable and is gradually strengthening its preponderance, idealism is ebbing away and empiricism is flowing in.
https://wsps.ut.ac.ir/article_82385_fb32215887da4b3faaeee8636c567195.pdf
2020-07-01
437
470
10.22059/wsps.2021.313660.1183
Iranian political identity
Leader’s Hajj Messages
Nationalism
typology of nationalism
Mohammad
Samiei
m.samiei@ut.ac.ir
1
Associate Professor of Iranian Studies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Na
Shao-Qian
shaoqian.na@ut.ac.ir
2
M.A. in Iranian Studies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Amanat, A. & Bonakdarian, M. (1995) Introductory Essays. In E. G. Browne (Ed.), The Persian Revolution of 1905–1909. Washington, DC: Mage.
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Ashraf, A. (2006). Iranian Identity. Encyclopaedia Iranica, 13, 522-530. Retrieved from https://iranicaonline.org/articles/iranian-identity-iv-19th-20th-centuries
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Bayat, K. (2005). The Ethnic Question in Iran. Middle East Report No. 237.
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Breuilly, J. (1993). Nationalism and the State. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
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Breuilly, J., & Balakrishnan, G. (1996). Approaches to Nationalism. Nationalism: Critical Concepts in Political Science, 1, 324-352.
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Carr, E. H. (1945). Nationalism and After. London: Macmillan.
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Deyhime, G. (2000). France xvi. Loanwords in Persian, Encyclopaedia Iranica, X(2), 181-184. Retrieved from https://iranicaonline.org/ articles/france-xvi-loan-words-in-persian-
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Fukuyama, F. (1989). The End of History?. The National Interest, 16, 3-18.
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Fukuyama, F. (2018). Against Identity Politics: The New Tribalism and the Crisis of Democracy. Foreign Affairs, 97(5), 90-114.
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Hobsbawm, E. J. (1983a). Introduction: Inventing Traditions. In E. Hobsbawm, & T. Ranger (Eds.), The Invention of Tradition (1-14). London: Cambridge University Press.
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Hobsbawm, E. J. (1983b). Mass-Producing Traditions: Europe, 1870-1914. In E. Hobsbawm, & T. Ranger (Eds.), The Invention of Tradition (pp. 263-308). London: Cambridge University Press.
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Keane, J. (1993). Nations, Nationalism, and the European Citizen (CSD Perspectives). London: University of Westminster Press.
17
Khamenei, A. (1368 [1989 A.D.], Jul. 5). Payām be kongere-ye ʿaẓim-e haj [in English: Message to the Great Congress of Hajj]. Retrieved from http://farsi.khamenei.ir/message-content?id=2126
18
Khamenei, A. (1369 [1990 A.D.], Jun. 29). Payām be kongere-ye ʿaẓim-e haj [in English: Message to the Great Congress of Hajj]. Retrieved from http://farsi.khamenei.ir/message-content?id=2332
19
Khamenei, A. (1370 [1991 A.D.], Jun. 16). Payām be kongere-ye ʿaẓim-e haj [in English: Message to the Great Congress of Hajj]. Retrieved from http://farsi.khamenei.ir/message-content?id=2464
20
Khamenei, A. (1371 [1992 A.D.], Jun. 3). Payām be kongere-ye ʿaẓim-e haj [in English: Message to the Great Congress of Hajj]. Retrieved from http://farsi.khamenei.ir/speech-content?id=2621
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Khamenei, A. (1372 [1993 A.D.], May. 18). Payām be kongere-ye ʿaẓim-e haj [in English: Message to the Great Congress of Hajj]. Retrieved from http://farsi.khamenei.ir/speech-content?id=2669
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Khamenei, A. (1373 [1994 A.D.], May. 15). Payām be kongere-ye ʿaẓim-e haj [in English: Message to the Great Congress of Hajj]. Retrieved from http://farsi.khamenei.ir/speech-content?id=2712
23
Khamenei, A. (1374 [1995 A.D.], May. 4). Payām be hojāj-e beit-o-lāh al-harām [Message to Hajjis of the Sacred House of God]. Retrieved from http://farsi.khamenei.ir/speech-content?id=2749
24
Khamenei, A. (1375 [1996 A.D.], Apr. 23). Payām be kongere-ye ʿaẓim-e haj [in English: Message to the Great Congress of Hajj]. Retrieved from http://farsi.khamenei.ir/speech-content?id=2796
25
Khamenei, A. (1376 [1997 A.D.], Apr. 10). Payām be kongere-ye ʿaẓim-e haj [in English: Message to the Great Congress of Hajj]. Retrieved from http://farsi.khamenei.ir/speech-content?id=2831
26
Khamenei, A. (1377 [1998 A.D.], Apr. 1). Payām be kongere-ye ʿaẓim-e haj [in English: Message to the Great Congress of Hajj]. Retrieved from http://farsi.khamenei.ir/speech-content?id=2880
27
Khamenei, A. (1378 [1999 A.D.], Mar. 19). Payām be kongere-ye ʿaẓim-e haj [in English: Message to the Great Congress of Hajj]. Retrieved from http://farsi.khamenei.ir/message-content?id=2934
28
Khamenei, A. (1379 [2000 A.D.], Mar. 13). Payām be kongere-ye ʿaẓim-e haj [in English: Message to the Great Congress of Hajj]. Retrieved from http://farsi.khamenei.ir/speech-content?id=2998
29
Khamenei, A. (1380 [2001 A.D.], Mar. 2). Payām be kongere-ye ʿaẓim-e haj [in English: Message to the Great Congress of Hajj]. Retrieved from http://farsi.khamenei.ir/speech-content?id=3054
30
Khamenei, A. (1381 [2002 A.D.], Feb. 19). Payām be kongere-ye ʿaẓim-e haj [in English: Message to the Great Congress of Hajj]. Retrieved from http://farsi.khamenei.ir/speech-content?id=3109
31
Khamenei, A. (1382 [2003 A.D.], Feb. 7). Payām be kongere-ye ʿaẓim-e haj [in English: Message to the Great Congress of Hajj]. Retrieved from http://farsi.khamenei.ir/speech-content?id=3164
32
Khamenei, A. (1383 [2004 A.D.], Jan. 28). Payām be kongere-ye ʿaẓim-e haj [in English: Message to the Great Congress of Hajj]. Retrieved from http://farsi.khamenei.ir/speech-content?id=122
33
Khamenei, A. (1384 [2005 A.D.], Jan. 18). Payām be kongere-ye ʿaẓim-e haj [in English: Message to the Great Congress of Hajj]. Retrieved from http://farsi.khamenei.ir/speech-content?id=155
34
Khamenei, A. (1384 [2006 A.D.]a , Jan. 09). Payām be kongere-ye ʿaẓim-e haj [in English: Message to the Great Congress of Hajj]. Retrieved from http://farsi.khamenei.ir/speech-content?id=200
35
Khamenei, A. (1385 [2006 A.D.]b, Dec. 24). Payām be kongere-ye ʿaẓim-e haj [in English: Message to the Great Congress of Hajj]. Retrieved from http://farsi.khamenei.ir/message-content?id=235
36
Khamenei, A. (1386 [2007 A.D.], Dec. 18). Payām be kongere-ye ʿaẓim-e haj [in English: Message to the Great Congress of Hajj]. Retrieved from http://farsi.khamenei.ir/speech-content?id=277
37
Khamenei, A. (1387 [2008 A.D.], Dec. 7). Payām be kongere-ye ʿaẓim-e haj [in English: Message to the Great Congress of Hajj]. Retrieved from http://farsi.khamenei.ir/speech-content?id=4821
38
Khamenei, A. (1388 [2009 A.D.], Nov. 26). Payām be kongere-ye ʿaẓim-e haj [in English: Message to the Great Congress of Hajj]. Retrieved from http://farsi.khamenei.ir/speech-content?id=8436
39
Khamenei, A. (1389 [2010 A.D.], Nov. 15). Payām be kongere-ye ʿaẓim-e haj [in English: Message to the Great Congress of Hajj]. Retrieved from http://farsi.khamenei.ir/message-content?id=10590
40
Khamenei, A. (1390 [2011 A.D.], Oct. 27). Payām be kongere-ye ʿaẓim-e haj [in English: Message to the Great Congress of Hajj]. Retrieved from http://farsi.khamenei.ir/message-content?id=17828
41
Khamenei, A. (1391 [2012 A.D.], Oct. 21). Payām be kongere-ye ʿaẓim-e haj [in English: Message to the Great Congress of Hajj]. Retrieved from http://farsi.khamenei.ir/message-content?id=21361
42
Khamenei, A. (1392 [2013 A.D.], Oct. 10). Payām be kongere-ye ʿaẓim-e haj [in English: Message to the Great Congress of Hajj]. Retrieved from http://farsi.khamenei.ir/message-content?id=24203
43
Khamenei, A. (1393 [2014 A.D.], Sep. 30). Payām be hojāj-e beit-o-lāh al-harām [in English: Message to Hajjis of the Sacred House of God]. Retrieved from http://farsi.khamenei.ir/speech-content? id=27793
44
Khamenei, A. (1394 [2015 A.D.], Sep. 23). Payām be hojāj-e beit-o-lāh al-harām [in English: Message to Hajjis of the Sacred House of God]. Retrieved from http://farsi.khamenei.ir/message-content? id=30847
45
Khamenei, A. (1395 [2016 A.D.], Sep. 05). Payām be mosalmānān-e jahān be monāsebat-e farāresidan-e mosem-e haj [Message to Global Muslims Pertaining to the Advent of the Season of Hajj]. Retrieved from http://farsi.khamenei.ir/message-content? id=34269
46
Khamenei, A. (1396 [2017 A.D.], Aug. 31). Payām be hojāj-e beit-o-lāh al-harām [in English: Message to Hajjis of the Sacred House of God]. Retrieved from http://farsi.khamenei.ir/message-content? id=37536
47
Khamenei, A. (1397 [2018 A.D.], Aug. 20). Payām be hojāj-e beit-o-lāh al-harām [in English: Message to Hajjis of the Sacred House of God]. Retrieved from http://farsi.khamenei.ir/message-content? id=40298
48
Khamenei, A. (1398 [2019 A.D.], August 5). Payām be zāʾerān-e beit-o-lāh al-harām [in English: Message to Pilgrims of the Sacred House of God]. Retrieved from http://farsi.khamenei.ir/message-content? id=43199
49
Khomeini, R. (1357 [1978 A.D.]). Payām be zāʾerān-e beit-o-lāh al-harām: Gereftāri-hā-ye melat-e irān [in English: Message to Pilgrims to the Sacred House of God: the Difficulties of Iranian Nation]. In Sahife-ye Emām, Majmuʿe-ye Āsār-e Emām Xomeyni (S) Vol.4. (pp. 42-45). Tehran: Moʾasese-ye Tanzim va Našr-e Āsār-e Emām Xomeyni (S).
50
Khomeini, R. (1358 [1979 A.D.]). Payām be moslemin-e haj: Šekastan-e bot-hā va qodrat-hā-ye bozorg-e šeyṭāni-ye jahān [in English: Message to Muslims and Hajis: the Defeat of Contemporary Evil Idols and Great Powers]. In Sahife-ye Emām, Majmuʿe-ye Āsār-e Emām Xomeyni (S) Vol.10. (pp. 338-341). Tehran: Moʾasese-ye Tanzim va Našr-e Āsār-e Emām Xomeyni (S).
51
Khomeini, R. (1359 [1980 A.D.]). Payām be moslemin-e jahān va hojāj: Siyāsat-e amrikā, extelāf beyn-e Mosalmānān [in English: Message to Global Muslims and Hajis: the Policy of America, Dissonance between Muslims]. In Sahife-ye Emām, Majmuʿe-ye Āsār-e Emām Xomeyni (S) Vol.13. (pp. 207-215). Tehran: Moʾasese-ye Tanzim va Našr-e Āsār-e Emām Xomeyni (S).
52
Khomeini, R. (1360 [1981 A.D.]). Payām be melat-e irān: Tajlil az maqam-e šahidān: ʿali qodusi va vahid dastjerdi [in English: Message to the Iranian Nation: Glorification of the Martyrs: Ali Ghodousi & Vahid Dastjerdi]. In Sahife-ye Emām, Majmuʿe-ye Āsār-e Emām Xomeyni (S) Vol.15. (pp. 168-173). Tehran: Moʾasese-ye Tanzim va Našr-e Āsār-e Emām Xomeyni (S).
53
Khomeini, R. (1361 [1982 A.D.]). Payām be mosalmānān-e jahān va zāʾerān-e beit-o-lāh al-harām: Bayān-e masāʾeb-e moslemin [in English: Message to Muslims Worldwide and Pilgrims of the Sacred House of God: the Lecture of Muslim’s Tragedies]. In Sahife-ye Emām, Majmuʿe-ye Āsār-e Emām Xomeyni (S) Vol.16. (pp. 510-518). Tehran: Moʾasese-ye Tanzim va Našr-e Āsār-e Emām Xomeyni (S).
54
Khomeini, R. (1362 [1983 A.D.]). Payām be mosalmānān-e irān va jahān be monāsebat-e ayām-e haj (Tazakor be zāʾerān) [in English: Message to Iranian and Global Muslims Pertaining to Hajj Season: Notification to the Pilgrims]. In Sahife-ye Emām, Majmuʿe-ye Āsār-e Emām Xomeyni (S) Vol.18. (pp. 86-99). Tehran: Moʾasese-ye Tanzim va Našr-e Āsār-e Emām Xomeyni (S).
55
Khomeini, R. (1363 [1984 A.D.]). Payām be mosalmānān-e jahān va hojāj dar āstāne-ye ʿeyd-e qorbān (Falsafe-ye haj va resālat-e hojāj) [in English: Message to Muslims Worldwide and Hajis at the Eve of Qurban: the Philosophy of Hajj and the Mission of Hajjis]. In Sahife-ye Emām, Majmuʿe-ye Āsār-e Emām Xomeyni (S), Vol.19. (pp. 20-33). Tehran: Moʾasese-ye Tanzim va Našr-e Āsār-e Emām Xomeyni (S).
56
Khomeini, R. (1364 [1985 A.D.]). Payām be hojāj va mosalmānān-e irān va jahān (Tosiye-hā-ye axlāqi, siyāsi va ʿebādi) [in English: Message to Hajjis and Iranian and Global Muslims: Moral, Political, and Ritual Advices]. In Sahife-ye Emām, Majmuʿe-ye Āsār-e Emām Xomeyni (S), Vol.19. (pp. 333-346). Tehran: Moʾasese-ye Tanzim va Našr-e Āsār-e Emām Xomeyni (S).
57
Khomeini, R. (1365 [1986 A.D.]). Payām be mardom va zā‛erān-e beit-o-lāh al-harām be monāsebat-e ayām-e haj (Mahjuriyat-e haj-e ebrāhimi) [in English: Message to People and Pilgrims of the Sacred House of God Pertaining to Hajj Season: Isolation of Abrahamic Hajj]. In Sahife-ye Emām, Majmuʿe-ye Āsār-e Emām Xomeyni (S), Vol.20. (pp. 86-100). Tehran: Moʾasese-ye Tanzim va Našr-e Āsār-e Emām Xomeyni (S).
58
Khomeini, R. (1366 [1987 A.D.]). Payām be mosalmānān-e irān va jahān va zā’erān-e beit-olāh al-harām (Berā’at az mošrekān) [in English: Messages to Iranian and Global Muslims and Pilgrims of the Sacred House of God: Aversion to Polytheists]. In Sahife-ye Emām, Majmuʿe-ye Āsār-e Emām Xomeyni (S), Vol.20. (pp. 311-348). Tehran: Moʾasese-ye Tanzim va Našr-e Āsār-e Emām Xomeyni (S).
59
Khomeini, R. (1367 [1988 A.D.]). Payām be melat-e irān dar sālgard-e koštār-e xunin-e make (Qabul-e qatʿnāme) [in English: Messages to Iranian Nation at the Anniversary of Bloody Massacre of Macca (the Accept of the Resolution)]. In Sahife-ye Emām, Majmuʿe-ye Āsār-e Emām Xomeyni (S), Vol.21. (pp. 74-101). Tehran: Moʾasese-ye Tanzim va Našr-e Āsār-e Emām Xomeyni (S).
60
Kohn, H. (1965). Nationalism: Its History and Meaning. Princeton, N.J.: Van Nostrand.
61
Matini. J. (1371 [1992 A.D.]). Irān dar gozašt-e Ruzgārān [in English: Iran in the Pasage of times]. Iranshenasi, 4(2), 233-268. Retrieved from http://ensani.ir/file/download/article/20120325200018-1125-167.pdf
62
Nairn, T., & James, P. (2005). Global Matrix: Nationalism, Globalism and State Terrorism. Ann Arbor, MI: Pluto Press.
63
Rajaei, J. (1392 [2013 A.D.]). Abʿād-e siyāsi-ye haj dar andiše-ye siyāsi-ye emām xomeyni [in English: Political Aspects of Hajj in Political Thoughts of Imam Khomeini]. Master Dissertation: Research Institute of Imam Khomeini and Islamic Revolution. Tehran, Iran
64
Satarian-Pur, H. (1394 [2015 A.D.]). Bāzšenāsi-ye moʾalefe-hā-ye hoviyat-e irāni-eslāmi dar ārā-ye ‘ali šariʿati, mahdi bāzargān va emām xomeiyni [in English: Recognizing Components of Iranian-Islamic Identity in the Thoughts of Ali Shariati, Mahdi Bazargan, and Imam Khomeini]. Master Dissertation: University of Yasuj. Iran
65
Smith, A. (1991). National Identity. Reno: University of Nevada.
66
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67
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69
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
EU Economic & Financial Sanctions against Iran and their Human Rights Implications
Since the advent of the Islamic Revolution in Iran, the country has been continuously subject to severe sanctions by the Western countries, especially the United States. In all these years, the U.S. sanctions did not affect Iran’s economy much, due to the fact that the two countries have no formal relations and as a result, their economies are not, by any means, interdependent. However, Iran’s economy has been reliant on extensive interactions with the European countries; the EU sanctions against Iran since 2011, therefore, have harshly affected Iran’s economy and caused adverse social impacts on Iranian lives. In the shadow of Iran’s dark image in the eyes of the world, one issue that has remained overshadowed by the discussions on the impact and effectiveness of the sanctions, is the severe human rights crises left by the EU sanctions. The key question is what have been the human rights and humanitarian consequences of the EU sanctions for Iran, and how serious have these consequences been for the country? As the author argues in this paper, EU economic sanctions against Iran are considered violations of the three main generations of human rights and are therefore unwarranted. Given this, the resumption of sanctions since 2018 would lead to a human rights disaster in Iran. The effect of these sanctions will not affect the Iranian government, but the Iranian civilians, especially the vulnerable, which will undermine their human dignity.
https://wsps.ut.ac.ir/article_79084_891bbe5d92dc7f7299269dd1b8dd2c09.pdf
2020-07-01
471
504
10.22059/wsps.2020.303333.1151
EU
human rights
Iran
sanctions
Violation
Roxana
Niknami
niknami.roxana@ut.ac.ir
1
Assistant Professor of Regional Studies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
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1
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3
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4
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12
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13
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22
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40
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
A Criminological Approach to the COVID-19 Pandemic with a Comparative Perspective Based on Iran’s and the World’s Data
The present research explores some of the most significant aspects of the COVID-19 outbreak from the perspective of criminology through carrying out a comparative analysis of Iran’s and the world’s Data. Describing the current pandemic as deviance is one aspect of this approach upon which an argument can be made for explaining the COVID-19 outbreak as deviance from a criminological perspective. The criminal effects of COVID-19 is another part of the discussion through which relationships between the pandemic and crime rates, including economic crime and domestic violence, are examined. The findings show that overall, crime rates have fluctuated throughout the advent of COVID-19, and while the current pandemic has caused an increase in the rates of certain types of crimes, a decline in many other types of crime has also been observed. Finally, the article concludes that the current pandemic exerts varying impacts on criminality, corroborating the assumption that ‘disease’ alongside ‘crime’ endangers human health on the whole. Therefore, the main question is how humans can maintain their physical health upon exposure to the dangers of COVID, and look after their mental health from the risks and the unpleasant effects of criminality, particularly fear of crime and moral panic?
https://wsps.ut.ac.ir/article_82878_af53b4f831db15b78f8594472dade5ce.pdf
2020-07-01
505
532
10.22059/wsps.2021.321030.1205
Covid-19 pandemic
crime
Crime Rates
criminality
Criminology
deviance
Mehrdad
Rayejian Asli
m.rayejian@samt.ac.ir
1
Assistant Professor of Law, The Institute for Research & Development in Humanities (SAMT), Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
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1
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2
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44
Taub, A. (2020, Apr. 6). [The Interpreter]: A New Covid-19 Crisis: Domestic Abuse Rises Worldwide: Movement Restrictions aimed to Stop the Spread of the Coronavirus May be Making Violence in Homes More Frequent, More Severe and More Dangerous. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/06/ world/coronavirus-domestic-violence.html
45
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46
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47
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48
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49
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50
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51
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52
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53
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The British Self and Continental Other: The Question of British National Identity in the 2016 Referendum
The Brexit, UK’s withdrawal from the EU in 2020 was a pivotal moment in the history of Europe. The United Kingdom and the European Union have a longstanding relationship, which dates to 1973; however, against all expectations, in a referendum on June 23, 2016, more than 51.9% of the British people voted to leave the EU. Certain scholars believe that the British national identity was one of the sources of the UK hostility toward a European integration. An important question to discuss regarding this hostility is: how did the unique formation of the British identity drive the majority of people to vote in favour of leaving the EU in the 2016 referendum? This question is investigated in this research through the theoretical framework of the Social Identity Theory. Relying on a qualitative methodology, data was gathered from various survey polls, such as Ipsos MORI, Eurobarometer and British Social Attitudes (BSA) surveys. Findings indicate that the British identity has not been Europeanised as much as other European countries yet, and that Britain’s weak sense of European identity was a key contributor to the Brexit vote.
https://wsps.ut.ac.ir/article_82836_ccfd488a22b30cfc047ab9f8bd90a848.pdf
2020-07-01
533
570
10.22059/wsps.2021.323965.1222
Brexit
European Union
Euroscepticism
National Identity
Self/other
social identity theory
United Kingdom
Fatemeh
Salkhori
fateme.salkhori@ut.ac.ir
1
M.A. in British Studies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mohammad Reza
Saeidabadi
sabadi@ut.ac.ir
2
Associate Professor of European Studies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Albert, S. (1977). Temporal Comparison Theory. Psychological Review, 84(6), 485–503. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.84.6.485
1
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2
Booker, C. (2016, Jun. 18). Will Vote Leave’s Blunders Lose Us the Day?. The Telegraph Retrieved Aug. 17, 2020, from https://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/2016/06/18/will-vote-leaves-blunders-lose-us-the-day/
3
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6
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Carl, N., Dennison, J., & Evans, G. (2019). European but not European enough : An Explanation for Brexit. European Union Politics, 20(2), 282-304. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1465116518802361
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31
Lowe, N. (2017). Mastering Modern British History. London: Palgrave.
32
Macdougall, A. I., Feddes, A. R., & Doosje, B. (2020). “They’ve Put Nothing in the Pot!”: Brexit and the Key Psychological Motivations Behind Voting “Remain” and “Leave.” Political Psychology, 41(5), 979–995. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12660
33
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55
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Systematic Analysis of State-Nation Building and Political Development in Afghanistan: A Critical Approach to the Bonn Agreement and the Doctrine of Liberal Democracy from 2002 to 2021
By withdrawing from Afghanistan, the Soviet Union collapsed and the Cold War ended in the 1990s. Throughout that decade, western governments forgot the people of Afghanistan. But the 1998 attack on the US interests in Africa and al-Qaeda attacks of the September 11, 2001 reintroduced foreign aggression of the Western governments’ coalition against Afghanistan. Late in 2001, NATO countries, led by the United States, brought down the Taliban regime. Concomitantly, the UN conducted a conference in Bonn, Germany, in which political and paramilitary groups agreed to form an inclusive government without presence of Taliban. The Bonn Agreement contents show that most of its principles are based on the doctrine of Liberal Democracy. Accordingly, liberal democracy is reflected in most of the ratified articles of the eighth constitution of Afghanistan and it was expected to be effective in a country where many political regimes and systems had been experienced. However, it faced challenges and nation-state building development process witnessed deficiencies. The present paper uses systemic analysis of the liberal nation-state (system input, policy design, policy implementation, evaluation and outcome) to answer the research question. The question is: how have the nation-state building process and political development in Afghanistan been affected by the Bonn Agreement and liberal democracy doctrine? And how has that led to the deficiencies in nation-state building and political development in the country? Hypothetically, the process suffered from deficiencies due to the following reasons: disregarding the historical-traditional contexts of Afghanistan, weak presence of liberal democrats in power, disregard for the demands of the fragmented society, the continuation of nationalist policies, and the incorrect public-private divide in the liberal structure of democracy.
https://wsps.ut.ac.ir/article_82947_a1d601667a63fc064a3f82928713057b.pdf
2020-07-01
571
616
10.22059/wsps.2021.322489.1211
Afghanistan
Development
liberal democracy
Nation-state building
Segregated society
traditional society
Rohollah
Eslami
eslami.r@um.ac.ir
1
Assistant Professor of Political Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ebrahim
Forozesh
faruzesh2020@gmail.com
2
PhD Student of Political Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
AcemOglu, D., & Rabinson, J. (2013). Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty (1st ed.). New York: Crown.
1
Apter, D. (1965). The Politics of Modernization. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
2
Almond, G., & Powell, B. (1959). Comparative Politics: A Developmental Approach. Boston: Little Brown.
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Almond, G., & Powell B. (1966). Comparative Politics: A Developmental Approach. Boston: Little Brown& Co.
4
Barner-Barry, C. (1999). Nation Building and Russian Federation. In B. Glad & E. Shiraev, E. (Eds), The Russian Transformation (pp. 257-278). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
5
Brubaker, R. (1996a). Nationalism Reframed: Nationhood and the National Question in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
6
Brubaker, R. (1996b). Nationalizing States in the Old “New Europe” and the New. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 19(2), 411-437. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.1996.9993918
7
The Bonn Agreement. (2001, Dec 5). Red: July, 2019. Retrieved from https://eoi.gov.in/kabul/?pdf0652?000
8
Easton, D. (1965). A Systems Analysis of Political Life. New York: John Wiley.
9
Eisenstadt, S. N. (1969). The Political Systems of Empire. New York: The Free Press.
10
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11
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12
Heywood, A. (2012). Political Ideologies: An Introduction. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
13
Hobsbawm, E. J. (2012). Nations and Nationalism since 1780: Program, Myth, Reality (2nd ed.). London: Cambridge University Press.
14
Jaggers, K. (1992). War and the Three Faces of Power: War Making and State Making in Europe and the Americas. Comparative Political Studies, 25(1), pp. 26-62 https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0010414092025 001002
15
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16
Kymlicka, W., & Opalski. M, (2001). Western Political Theory and Ethic Relations in Eastern Europe: Can Liberal Pluralism be Exported?. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
17
Nash, K. (2010). Contemporary Political Sociology: Globalization, Politics and Power (2nd ed.). New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell.
18
Weber, M. (1965). The Theory of Social and Economic Organization. Englewood Cliff: Prentice Hall.
19
Pan, E. (2003). United Nation: Nation-Building. Council on Foreign Relations. https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/united-nations-nation-building
20
Pye, L. (1969). Political Culture and Political Development (Studies in Political Development). Princeton University Press.
21
Pei, M., & Kasper, S. (2003). Lessons from the Past: The American Record on Nation Building (Policy Brief 24). Washington D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved from https://carnegieendowment.org/2003/04/11/lessons-from-past-american-record-on-nation-building-pub-1240
22
Samuel, H. (1976). No Easy Choice. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
23
Talentino, A. K. (2004). The Two Faces of Nation- Building: Developing Function and Identity. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 17(3), 557-575. https://doi.org/10.1080/0955757042000297008
24
Report (2015) in www.data.worldjusticeproject.org
25
News (2013) in www.bbc.co.uk/persion
26
3. Surveys (2019) www.Transparency.org
27
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Oil Powers: A History of the U.S.-Saudi Alliance, by Victor McFarland, New York: Colombia University Press, 2020. 357 pp. ISBN: 9780231197267
https://wsps.ut.ac.ir/article_82383_f505e82e5ed37c259598c9b126590892.pdf
2020-07-01
617
620
10.22059/wsps.2021.322336.1210
Ehsan
Rasoulinezhad
e.rasoulinezhad@ut.ac.ir
1
Assistant professor of Russian, Caucasus and Central Asian Studies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Future of British Foreign Policy: Security and Diplomacy in a World after Brexit, by Christopher Hill, Cambridge: Polity Press, 2019. 256 pp. ISBN: 978-1-509-52461-7
https://wsps.ut.ac.ir/article_82948_140d2dde085350ada9705f6ab04ceebb.pdf
2020-07-01
621
625
10.22059/wsps.2021.325402.1226
Elham
Abedini
elham.abedini@ut.ac.ir
1
PhD Student of British Studies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
China’s Maritime Silk Road Initiative, Africa, and the Middle East: Feats, Freezes, and Failures, by Jean-Marc F. Blanchard (Ed.), Palgrave Macmillan, 2021. pp. 291 $100.85. ISBN: 978-981-33-4013-8
https://wsps.ut.ac.ir/article_82835_1784196715f20077d204b80f23293eb7.pdf
2020-07-01
627
632
10.22059/wsps.2021.326566.1231
Maziar
Mozaffari Falarti
mmfalarti@ut.ac.ir
1
Assistant Professor of South and East Asian and Oceania Studies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Behzad
Abdollahpour
b.abdollahpour@ut.ac.ir
2
M. A. in North American Studies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR